The 5 Best Suspense Thrillers on Stage

Unlike mysteries in which the audience searches for clues to figure out â€Å"whodunit,† thrillers let viewers know who the bad guys are in advance. Then, the audience spends the rest of the play on the edge of their proverbial seats wondering who will win: the evil doer or the innocent victim? Here are five of the best stage thrillers in theatrical history. Wait Until Dark by Frederick Knott In this slick, slightly dated cat-and-mouse thriller, three con-men manipulate a blind woman. They want the secret contents hidden inside a mysterious doll, and they are willing to go to any lengths to retrieve it — even murder. Fortunately, the blind protagonist, Suzy Hendrix, is resourceful enough to use her other heightened senses to combat the criminals. In the climactic final act, Suzy gains the advantage when she shuts off all the lights in her apartment. Then, the bad guys are in her territory. Deathtrap by Ira Levin A reviewer from Cue Magazine calls Levin’s comic suspense play, â€Å"two-thirds a thriller and one-third a devilishly clever comedy.† And the play is indeed devilish! The premise: a formerly successful author is so desperate for another hit, he seems willing to murder a younger more talented writer in order to steal his brilliant manuscript. But that’s only the beginning. Plot twists and treachery abound throughout Deathtrap. Try to see this one live at your local community theater. However, if you can’t wait for it to be revived, the Michael Caine film is a fun ride as well. Dial M for Murder by Frederick Knott Another â€Å"Knotty† thriller, this play became an instant theatrical hit as well as an Alfred Hitchcock classic. Believing that he has planned the perfect crime, a cold-hearted husband hires a thug to murder his wife. The audience members hold their breath as they watch to see what happens next. Will the husband get away with the heinous deed? Will the wife survive? (Don’t hold your breath for too long – the play runs about two hours.) Perfect Crime by Warren Manzi This show is currently the longest running play in New York City history. This off-Broadway thriller has been running since 1987. Believe it or not, lead actress Catherine Russell has starred in Perfect Crime since its premiere. That means she performed in over 8,000 shows – missing a mere four performances during the last twenty years. (Can a person stay sane after all those performances?) The press release says: â€Å"The main character is a Harvard-educated psychiatrist accused of bumping off her wealthy British husband. The play is set in an affluent Connecticut town where this suspected murderess conducts her practice out of her secluded mansion. The handsome detective assigned to the case must overcome his own love-interest in the wife as he seeks to discover who murdered the husband, if indeed he was murdered at all.† Sounds like a good combination of suspense and romance. The Bad Seed by Maxwell Anderson Based upon the novel by William March, The Bad Seed asks a disturbing question. Are some people born evil? Eight-year old Rhoda Penmark seems to be. This play might be seriously disturbing for some people. Rhoda behaves sweetly and innocently around adults, but can be murderously devious during one-on-one encounters. There are few plays in which such a young child is portrayed as such a manipulative sociopath. The psychopathic Rhoda makes the creepy ghost girl from The Ring look like a Strawberry Shortcake.

The Challenges Of Inclusive Education Essay - 1592 Words

Challenges of inclusive education Koster (2009), defines the ‘social participation’ as, â€Å"The social participation of peoples with special needs in regular education is the presence of positive contact/interaction between these children and their classmates; acceptance of them by their classmates; social relationships/friendships between them and their classmates and the people s perception they are accepted by their classmates† He further says that in a regular classroom students with different disabilities have faced more difficulties in comparison to other students whenever they tried to obtain a good social position. Many studies in the field shows that children with disabilities studying in a regular school are accepted less by their peers, have fewer friendships and they are not very often part of the networks in a classroom (Bramston, Bruggerman, and Pretty 2002; Kuhne and Wiener 2000; Le Mare and de la Ronde 2000; Pijl, Frostad, and Flem 2008; Soresi and Nota 2000; Yu, Zhang, and Yan 2 005; cited from Anke de Boer in Pijl Minnaertc 2011) Research has also proven that the social position of students with disability in special schools is way away from positive. Research is limited, evidence is there that 16 students with disabilities are not popular in both regular and special schools (Mand 2007 in Pijl Minnaert 2011). Several researchers have studied attitude of teachers towards inclusive education. 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Scholarship Program At Basic Successes And Challenges Education Essay Free Essays

string(132) " and covered to 30 scholarships each school of 215 lower secondary schools in 16 states \( Mar Bray A ; Seng Bunly, 2005, p\." I. Introduction 1.1 Socio economic in Cambodia after 1979 The civil war has jeopardized the societal and economic development of Cambodia. We will write a custom essay sample on Scholarship Program At Basic Successes And Challenges Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most of the societal constructions and rural substructures were wholly destroyed during Khmer Rouge, particularly educational sector, which is the most of import for developing the state ( Duggan, 1996, p.363 ) . Furthermore, Socio-economic environment for most of families after Khmer Rouge was frequently really hard for directing kids to school ( Ayres, 2000, p. 156 ) . In 1994, the state had about 5.2 million people below age 15 or about 47 per centum of the entire population. The size had been little down to around 5.1 million in 2004 and its portion of the entire population had fallen to 38 per centum. These alterations in the population construction have foremost affected the demand for primary and secondary schools. Some 3.7 million – 55 per centum, of the population aged 5-24 old ages were enrolled in the formal school system in 2004 – increased from 46 per centum in 1999. Adult literacy rate, population aged 15 and over, is 60 per centum for adult females and 80 per centum for work forces. The same survey stated that 43 per centum of adult females aged 25 and over have none or merely some instruction ( non completed foremost grade ) ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nis.gov.kh/cambodia socio-economic study 2004 ) . Since 1980 there was a 15-year period with high birthrate and strong population addition. After 1995 there has been a rapid diminution in birthrate and mortality. Harmonizing to the population projection the Kampuchean population was predicted to be 15 million in 2010 ( National Institute of Statistics of Ministry of Planning, 2009, pp. 5 ) . â€Å" Educational disbursals per pupil for one school twelvemonth include school fees, tuition, text editions, other school supplies, gifts to instructors, and part to edifice financess. Households estimate educational disbursals to below 50,000 riels ( US $ 10 ) for pre-school and primary school pupils, for upper secondary to 393,000 riels ( merely below US $ 100 ) , for technical/vocational 1.1 million riels ( merely above US $ 250 ) , and for university 2.1 million riels ( merely above US $ 500 ) † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nis.gov.kh/cambodia socio-economic study 2004 ) 1.2 History of Kampuchean Education after 1979 Following adviser from UNICEF to supervising Cambodia instruction in 1980 identified there were chief three dimensions including crisis of qualify – deficit of qualified instructors and functionaries, crisis of orientation – a critical struggle and contradiction between the ends and construction of the system of bing educational system, and crisis of clocking – under proficient supported by Vietnamese advisers to make many things in really short period ( Ayres, 2000, p.132 ) . Another survey by CONCERN in 1991 found some challenges of instruction in that clip including unequal preparation and wage for instructors and educational functionaries, no chief text books and other stuffs to back up instruction, non adequate school edifices for pupils, and high dropout rate. Other chief job related to instruction for cardinal degree at that clip was hapless educational quality and irrelevant course of study. Other survey at provincial degree by Redd Barna besides found that low rate of attending, low accomplishment of pupils, challenges of integrate into schools for those whose are former refugees ( Ayres, 2000, pp. 156-157 ) . Even after general election in 1993 under supported by UN, quality of instruction service provided for basic instruction degrees is still in a serious status caused by the deficiency of resources, inappropriate-trained instructors, hapless managed system, about no instruction and acquisition stuffs and irresponsibleness ( World Bank, 2008, p.11 ) . Even, there have been considerable alterations late, educational system will non make an international instruction EFA ends by 2015, because the figure of â€Å" dropout and repeat † in primary school degree is still high. The â€Å" repeat rates † in primary dropped from 26.3 per centum to 10.2 per centum between 1998 and 2005. In add-on, drop-out rates in primary school is less than in secondary school ( MoEYS, 2008, p.8 ) . Recently, Cambodia has expanded national budget from 0.9 per centum in 1997 to 1.5 per centum in 2006 ( MoEYS A ; World Bank, June 2008, p. 59 ) . Besides, the authorities has promised to increase wage for all instructors from 15 per centum to 20 per centum every twelvemonth but the exact sum is still really low in comparing to rising prices late and day-to-day disbursal ( MoEYS A ; World Bank, June 2008, pp. 59-62 ) . Educational system in Cambodia consists of simple school ( grade 1-6 ) , junior high school ( grade 7-9 ) , senior high school ( grade 10-12 ) and university and other establishments of higher instruction. Compulsory instruction is until grade 9 ( The Council for the Development of Cambodia, 2011, p. I-2 ) . This research will concentrate on the undermentioned inquiries: Why does MoESY necessitate scholarship plan at basic instruction? What are the chief successes and challenges of execution scholarship plan at basic instruction degree? How does MoEYS implement scholarship plan at basic instruction more efficaciously? II. SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM AT BASIC EDUCATION IN CAMBODIA 2.1 Overview of scholarship plan KAPE: It was the first scholarship officially lunched in Cambodia since 200 and it covered 15 secondary schools in Kampong Cham state merely but it was for lone misss. The chief ground of initial this plan because merely one of five misss can intake into lower secondary schools in Kampong Cham state and as consequence in over 3,000 vulnerable misss and male childs in schools presents ( KAPE, 2008, p. 4 ) . However, misss other states were similar or more serious than state of affairs in Cambodia, it would be better if the undertaking expands to other schools and state to let other misss to acquire benefit from it and increase figure of misss to hold wide cognition and can dispute with work forces in society both public and private sectors. PAP12: Scholarships and Incentives for Equitable Access. A major constituent of this programme was a scholarship strategy for lower secondary pupils, targeted peculiarly at misss in hapless countries. The plan stared in 2003-04 ( BETT, 2004, p. 1 ) and covered to 30 scholarships each school of 215 lower secondary schools in 16 states ( Mar Bray A ; Seng Bunly, 2005, p. You read "Scholarship Program At Basic Successes And Challenges Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" 24 A ; 72 ) . If we have a expression of entire figure of each school, which covered by this plan, it was really little in term of instruction in Cambodia right now because there about 19.5 per centum of urban people in 2009 ( Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) , Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010 ) . The coverage schools and states, and entire Numberss of scholarships each school were far off from sum of pupils in each secondary primary school even in rural and distant countries. The pupils are out of mark states were suffered from exclusion and even some schools in Phnom Penh would be covered. JFPR in concurrence with ADB: Stared in 2003-04 ( BETT, 2004, p. 1 ) and targeted 93 lower secondary schools in 21 states and provided 75 scholarships for each mark school ( Mar Bray A ; Seng Bunly, 2005, p. 72 ) . If we have a looks sum of states were likely really wide but in term of entire targeted schools were really little coverage, therefore, it would be better if the plan could cover the schools that non covered by PAP12 to let another hapless and poorest kids to hold an chance to acquire scholarship. BETT: stared in 2003-04 ( BETT, 2004, p. 1 ) Funded by BTC and targeted 80 lower secondary schools in merely three states and provided 30 scholarships each school. It was excessively little for both coverage states or schools and even figure of scholarship for each school, therefore, it would be non most affect for overall basic instruction in Cambodia late. CESSP: This was a formal plan after integrated of chief scholarship plans for lower secondary schools in Cambodia to avoid any overlap schools or even receivers but it still covered merely 100 lower secondary schools ( including newly-established schools ) in 21 states ( BETT, 2005, about the undertaking ) . Although MoEYS found the good manner to implement scholarship plan ore effectual but it was still non good plenty because coverage schools and states still limited. In order to cognize that scholarship would be more effectual to better instruction in Cambodia, particularly at basic instruction degree, the plan should be covered all lower secondary schools at countrywide or to all hapless and the poorest kids. 2.2 Successs 2.2.1 School registration CSP had a critical consequence on school registration and attending. Recipients increased 16 per centum points of registration in school, 17 per centum points increased of go toing on the twenty-four hours of the unheralded visit ; pass more clip in school. Based on the study stated that one out of every five receivers would non hold been in school in the absence of the plan, with on-time class patterned advance, hence, it would anticipate that every 5th receiver would hold completed one more twelvemonth of schooling than comparable non-recipients ( Deon Filmer A ; Norbert Schady, 2009, pp. 12-17 ) 2.2.2 Target donees The plan was right emphasized household poorness and gender precedence to do certain equity of entree to basic instruction and gender instability in registration. The scholarship besides provided residence hall to research the new ways to promote pupils at high-risk to go on their survey at lower secondary school – a instance in Rattanakiri state. Furthermore, the plan achieved highly decreased drop-out rates of pupils every bit much as 60 % than general 7th class rated in comparing to non-recipients schools. However, entire sum that support by undertaking late was non plenty for each receiver yet that some of receivers still dropped out even in period of implementing period ( William Collins, 2007, pp. 47-48 ) . 2.2.3 Impact on work The survey stated the receivers were approximately 10 per centum improbable to work for wage and the survey besides mentioned that about 37 per centum of misss and about 31 per centum of male childs who did non scholarship receivers work for wage in seven yearss before the survey was conducted. Furthermore, many scholarship receivers stayed in school longer than non-recipients ( Deon Filmer A ; Norbert Schady, 2009, p.2 ) . 2.2.4 Conditional Cash Transfers ( CCTs ) The CCTs plan impacts on a assortment of results including school registration. However, positive impacts may mention to amount of hard currency transportation and this manner is set abouting by many developing states in the universe. It would besides cut down poorness or support hapless household. The same survey stated that kids who received larger transportations did better than those who received smaller transportations in other dimensions – even the survey found that all receivers were brought into school as a consequence of plans ( Deon Filmer A ; Norbert Schady, 2009, pp. 12-13 ) 2.2.5 Impact on other kids There were major two groups who could hold been straight affected including siblings of scholarship receivers, and kids who did non have scholarships because their dropout mark placed them above the cut-off for eligibility. The siblings of scholarship receivers could hold benefited from the plan since each family could utilize the same benefit for other kids or other purpose. Non-recipients who were enrolled in the same schools as receivers may alter some disadvantages attitude in order to hold an chance to acquire scholarship for following academic old ages. However, the consequences suggest no such consequence: the school engagement of non-recipients is unaffected by the comparative size of the incoming cohort of scholarship pupils ( Deon Filmer A ; Norbert Schady, 2009, p.2 ) 2.2.6 Monitoring and preparation In scholarship plan of BETT was hired full clip staff improbable JFPR or CESSP, who their staff members were parttime basic. Besides, BETT coverage was smaller than either the JFPR or CESSP that allowed staff members have clip to carry on visits to many mark schools and that allowed BETT to cognize more elaborate about issues happened within receivers. Due to budget, transit and clip restraints, the undertaking truly need external aid to back up monitoring such as proficient functionaries from MoEYS, PoE and DoE but it was encountered that the relevant functionaries were improbable had full experience or skillful about that affair yet ( William Collins, 2007, pp. 53-54 ) . BETT attack of a dedicated full-time squad, with NGOs developing background, willing to utilize external NGOs aid in the preparation exercising, achieves higher quality consequences of the execution. Orientation to rear about the plan was besides benefited and positive impacted every bit good as enhance answerability of school functionaries and guarantee right policy pattern. Besides, improved communicating between parents and schools functionaries would reenforce community support for local schools ( William Collins, 2007, pp. 54 ) . 2.3. Challenges 2.3.1 The mathematics and vocabulary ability The survey was focused on the two chief parts including numeral and capacity of understanding plants through MoEYS course of study and text edition. The mark kids were both receivers and non-recipients, the consequences stated that both receivers and non-recipients are the same if those pupils entree the school regular and no absence. However, the survey besides covered to out-school kids and the determination stated that kids who had completed more schooling hold higher trial tonss – in both mathematics and vocabulary, and kids who dropped out of school before finishing 7th class may hold lower ability than those who stayed in school beyond than that class ( Deon Filmer A ; Norbert Schady, 2009, pp. 8-10 ) . 2.3.2 Coverage countries The overall scholarship plans implementing in Cambodia were non for countrywide yet even PAP12 – manage and implement by MoEYS, merely covered 215 lower secondary schools within 16 states merely and provided merely 30 scholarships for each mark school. Second, JFPR in concurrence with the ADB covered 93 lower secondary schools in 19 states and could merely cover 75 scholarships for each school. Third, BETT Project supported by BTC covered in 69 lower secondary schools in three states and covered merely 30 scholarships to each school ( Mar Bray A ; Seng Bunly, 2005, pp. 71-72 and BETT, 2004 A ; 2005, p. 2 ) . Another one by KAPE, local NGO, merely covered 21 lower secondary schools in Kampong Cham state merely ( KAPE, 2008, p. 4 ) 2.3.3 Target donees The four scholarship plans as brief description in portion of Coverage Areas ( 2.3.2 ) stated that the plan started coverage pupils at lower secondary schools in selected states and countries within Cambodia ( KAPE, 2008, p. 4 ) . Following indexs 2006-07 of MoEYS stated that net registration ratio about 92.1 per centum at primary but it was merely 33.7 per centum at secondary ( MoEYS, 2006-07, indexs 2006-07 ) , therefore, about 58.4 per centum was dropped out at that academic twelvemonth and most of drop-out would be kids from hapless and poorest families and some. BETT scholarship plan purposes at increasing passage for hapless and vulnerable kids from primary to take down secondary and advancing patterned advance through lower secondary instruction in the three targeted states. But the same study stated that the plan excluded certain classs of appliers, for illustration, kids of authorities households, who excluded by the JFPR design and initial BETT design but non excluded in th e CESSP design. In the 3rd twelvemonth of BETT execution, the exclusion was dropped. The exclusion would hold two negative impacts because governmental households were non all hapless even instructors every bit many as local hapless appliers or it would be hazard to go politicized and used as an extra manner to honor authorities and party functionary at the local degree ( William Collins, 2007, p. 12 A ; 48 ) . III. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION By and large, the scholarship plans were implemented by MoEYS and other spouses were really good for pupils at lower secondary schools across Cambodia and the plan would assist to make EFA and basic instruction policies by 2015 following the committedness of authorities and MoEYS every bit good as planetary mark. It besides allowed hapless and the poorest kids have an chance to go on their survey without give more load to their household and parents every bit good as cut down authorities load, excessively. Although execution period was normally short clip and even policies implementing of each establishment was improbable the same but the receivers could acquire profit from the plans chiefly increase registration, addition engagements, stayed longer period in schools than earlier or non-recipients. Even receivers were non better in term of mathematics and vocabulary in comparing to non-recipients, who non absence, at least the plans could maintain low-ability pupils in schools and ma de alter some non-recipients to take into history of acquisition and take parting in schools. The scholarship plans probably started and ended the same period and some of them were overlap mark schools and states but they had ain difference policies for execution, therefore, it was negative affect to receivers and donees every bit good as negative affect to whole plans. Furthermore, school managers, DoE, PoE, who on a regular basis involved with the plan would non be clear at all that was perchance to detain some activities, excessively or pass a tonss but got really small. In order to implement the plan more effectual, all relevant stakeholders would incorporate and portion responsible each other first and happen the common ways or seek to follow policies to be similar or the same first to guarantee receivers and relevant stakeholders would be clear and full apprehension. Besides, it would be great if all implementing establishments can split states or mark schools of coverage. The last, but non at least, all hapless and the poorest or the most of them would be covered and back up it would be better and it likely find the right ways of improve instruction in Cambodia, particularly at basic instruction degree. Statement Name: Cham Soeun Date: March 18, 2011 I prepared the undermentioned assignment by myself and merely with the aid of the literature mentioned in the mentions. I did non utilize other literature to compose my assignment. I know that plagiarism is a serious offense and I am wholly cognizant of the negative effects. Signature: Cham Soeun How to cite Scholarship Program At Basic Successes And Challenges Education Essay, Essay examples

Management Accounting of Control Practices Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Management Accounting of Control Practices. Answer: Introduction: The company uses to add the markup on the various cost items to determine the product costs. It distributes the costs between its two types of delivered items in accordance to the numbers of carton ordered. Such overhead allocation system is stated as traditional cost allocation method, which considers any single cost driver to allocate the total overhead costs. Though, traditional cost allocation method is a very popular method, it has certain limitations. It has been observed that it does not provide appropriate outcome for multiple product trading or manufacturing units. The company delivers the products either via commercial freight or under drop-ship delivery system. The costs for the two delivery systems are different from each other. For instance, it has to pay freight for commercial freight system and for drop-ship delivery system; it has to bear delivery van expenses. Hence, it would be inappropriate to distribute the freight cost to the orders, delivered under drop-ship delivery system or delivery van expenses to orders, shipped via commercial freight (Hglund et al. 2016). It is not necessary that the data entry department would provide same time for all the orders. Moreover, the company operates at various data entry levels, which require different labor hours. All the queries, attended by the data entry department, is not converted into sales at all the time. Therefore, the number of orders, booked, cannot be the appropriate cost driver for allocating the costs for this activity (Shu et al. 2014). As per the discussions, it is clear that the number of orders does not relate with these activities. Therefore, allocation of these expenses, under traditional method, cannot ascertain the proper product cost, which results in improper pricing of products. References: DRURY, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Groot, T. and Selto, F., 2013.Advanced management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed Hglund, L., Holmgren Caicedo, M., Mrtensson, M. and Svrdsten, F., 2016. Management accounting of control practices: a matter of and for strategy. Inthe 9TH INTERNATIONAL EIASM PUBLIC SECTOR CONFERENCE, held in LISBON, PORTUGAL, SEPTEMBER 6-8, 2016. Kaplan, R. and Anderson, S.R., 2013.Time-driven activity-based costing: a simpler and more powerful path to higher profits. Harvard business press Shu, F., Weidong, Z., Zhuo, L.Z., Haibin, C. and Yaohui, Z., 2014. The application of time driven activity-based costing in fine cost management of the hospital.Jiangsu Healthcare Administration,6, p.063

Urbanization Essay Thesis Example For Students

Urbanization Essay Thesis Factors and Fallacies in Urban Consolidation:IntroductionAs proponents of urban consolidation and consolidated living continue to manifest in our society, we must ensure that our acknowledgment of its benefits, and the problems of its agitator (sprawl), do not hinder our caution over its continually changing objectives. DefinitionLike much urban policy, the potential benefits that urban consolidation and the urban village concept seek to offer are substantially undermined by ambiguous definition. This ambiguity, as expressed through a general lack of inter-governmental and inter-professional cohesion on this policy, can best be understood in terms of individual motives (AIUSH,1991). ? State Governments participatory role in the reduction of infrastructure spending. We will write a custom essay on Urbanization Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now ? Urban Professionals recognition of the increased variability, robustness, and interest in both the urban area and their work. ? Conservation Activists commendation of the lower consumption of resources, and reduced pressure on sensitive environment areas, suggestive of a reduction in urban sprawl. ? The Development Industrys equations of profit established through better and higher levels of land use. Essentially urban consolidation proposes an increase of either population or dwellings in an existing defined urban area (Roseth,1991). Furthermore, the suburban village seeks to establish this intensification within a more specific agenda, in which community is to be centred by public transport nodes, and housing choice is to be widened with increased diversity of housing type (Jackson,1998). The underlying premise of this swing towards urban regeneration, and the subsequent debate about higher-density development, is the reconsideration of the suburban ideal and the negative social and environmental implications inherent in its continuation (Johnson, 1994). In reference to this regeneration is the encouragement of greater community participation, a strengthening and broadening of urban life and culture, and a halt to physical, environmental and economic decline (Hill,1994). Myths and Misunderstanding The relative successes of practical solutions to the urban consolidation model are constrained within the assumptions underpinning them. Appropriating community desire towards a more urban lifestyle ignores the basic fact that people chose to live in the suburbs (Stretton,1975). Suburbia as an ideal, is a preference based on perpetual stability, be it though neighbourhood identity or the act of home ownership a view not reflected in planning models heavily biased towards highly mobile societies. Cost benefits deemed to be provided by higher-density living, in terms of more efficient use of infrastructure, are realized primarily in the private sectors (Troy,1998). A result inconclusive to State government objectives towards reduced public spending. Traffic reduction as an expressed direct result of higher-density residential living is largely incorrect. A falsehood achieved by using density as a substitute for sociological variables such as income, household size, and lifestyle characteristics (Moriarty,1996). Traffic reduction stems primarily from a decision to drive (Engwight,1992), a contributing factor not easily adjustable by urban planning alone. Overemphasis of the contribution inner-city urban renewal has towards urban sprawl has allowed the prolongation of unchecked urban fringe development. The recurrence of the parcel-by-parcel (Girling,1994) distribution of new suburban development has not received the same amount of active participation, or concerted research and development, as governments have generated in existing urban areas. Solutions in Themselves. Too often the priority of consolidated land use is defined solely by density and cost analysis of infrastructure (Danielsen,1998). This produces a lack in qualitative understanding of the initial, highly humanitarian, aspects that consolidated living curtailed. It is in this vein that consequential detriments such as physical encroachment and overcrowding, unsympathetic housing styles (AIUSH,1991), and increased gentrification of urban areas inexplicably occur. In such, planning seems to produce solutions to symptoms, rather than address the issues which cause them. Critical design failure arises from superficial viewpoints on such fundamentals as neighbourhood and community (Mack,1977). In such the built form dubiously grounds itself on place making, removed from the reality that people are the essential component of the place (Westwood,1997). The only way in which adequate understanding, of actual community desires and obligations, can emerge is through active public consultation, and heavy local government involvement. Public consultation for the sake of public consultation is not only insignificant, but unjust. Non-desirable political gains may include;? Participation to inform (pre-warn) citizens of intended action. ? Participation to organise voluntary campaigns and work. ? Participation to stall and combat organised opposition. ? Participation to secure reliable feedback.(Kirk,1980)It is often the case where public consultation is involved in the plan-making process after a limited range of options have been clarified. Consequently the beneficial possibilities arising from the integration of the higher-density objective into collective public attitude, where an autonomous solution can be reached, is denied. Instead, objections towards urban renewal and consolidated initiatives are easily allied due to counter-emotive arguments not resolved by cooperative harmonisation of goals. Economic rationale biased to higher-residential densities does not recognise the potential for other (traditional) measures of consolidated efficiencies (AIUSH,1991). Planning resolutions involving such aspects as lot frontage, have been disregarded, and may provide a far greater measure of public transport, and urban village success. Who is to blame?The articulation of blame is a misrepresentation of the problems inherent with urban policy in general. Holistically, everyone is, in part, responsible. However, the futility of the current organisational strategies is not to be excused. Governments and community response has generally been short term (BCC,1996). The reasoning is simple and two tier; State and Federal Governments are elected primary on short term contracts, whereas Local Governments and community organisations maintain a more stable, continuing set of goals and motivations (Petrulis,1998); Local Government and community organisations have, as a rule, substantially less authority over public policy, and a definite underrepresented amount of public funding (Alexander,1998). .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 , .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .postImageUrl , .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 , .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:hover , .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:visited , .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:active { border:0!important; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:active , .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Communication Systems EssayPolicy that is continually directed top-down is to blame. The misdirection of federally derived funds, through State legislature is stretching the ethical margins, and challenging its moral obligations as a public service provider not a provider for the public-service. The State Governments were able to appropriate the rhetoric of social justice and environmental sustainability that define Building Better Cities, and at the same time use this language and the funds provided by the federal government to consolidate an agenda of market-led urban development and the aggressive encouragement of property speculation. (Stevenson,1999)Regardless of the reduction of the present day support we justify government by, a shift explained by Stretton (1996) where Our politicians have taught their electors to expect tax cuts, refuse tax increase, and despise government, the supposed fiscal difficulties incurred by government do not impose urgent reductions in public spending this freeze (Jackson,1998) placed upon social infrastructure is a strict resultant of choice. In this constricted social environment, momentum must be gained alternatively through essential partnership between the public and private realms. The full extent of Friedens (1991) urban vitality, gained through these partnerships, can only be fulfilled if the existing rules, regulations and red tape, that are non-descriptive and non-defining to individual situations, are alleviated (Anderson,1998) essentially we have too many rule making agencies (AIUSH,1991). Critical factorsCritical factors in the reinforcement of the need for urban consolidation to be established as a fundamental urban reality can be seen in the alternative the continuation of urban sprawl. Even if all the assumptions are exaggerated, and the doomsday predictions are dramatically fantasised, there is major collective apprehension towards ANY further encroachment within the biological environment. Something needs to be done. Quality of life in all respects and purposes should be the ultimate gain. Appraisal of this quality should be bound by no prejudges, pre-conclusions, or a variable market value. If not planning will instead deny equity (so proactively sought) and therefore careful intent and design would be subtractive rather than representative of community base. In exacting theoretical discovery, no matter how publicly participated, citizens as part of a just a democratic society should not be made the guinea pigs of experimental reform. In terms of removing the f aults from planning practice, it must be kept mindful that just as increased public transport is not an answer in itself, neither is physical and social planning. In as much by continually educating the community, in all aspects of urban practice, thereby facilitating a multifaceted participatory approach, will yield solutions otherwise undiscovered by good planning practice (Mack,1977). Practical applications must ultimately be ends tested. Public transport and more efficient vehicles do nothing other than strengthen the need to keep planning for roads. Urban density is to often confused with housing form (Jackson,1998). The wholesale demolition of existing areas for incredibly heroic (McLoughlin,1991) achievements in density are not only non-proportionally effective, but also this new building denies the creative possibilities of adapting existing environments. The importance of preserving emotive neighbourhood character provisions such as established trees, and corner stores, is pinnacle. When we destroy the greenery and the individuality of a place we destroy the justification for the suburbs, the mandate of the masses, which ultimately means failed consolidation. All of the aforementioned articles of increased sustainability expose a greater need for radical social change. We must enact a fundamental change, at both the individual and community levels to make sa crifices for the common good! Options for Action What society needs is clear, valid and up to date objectives a vision from which a set of individualistic solutions can be consistently derived (AIUSH,1991). These derivations shall be firmly rooted in local government and other community organizations; an agenda that will become increasingly pertinent as political environments destabilise, due to minority parties and the likes, and less conductive to long-term planning. However, this is not to decline a multilevel and multidisciplinary approach. Regional prospective must be applied so as to avoid periphery degradation of local governments areas, maintain open space networks, facilitate regional public transport and freight links, and to preserve a greater regional identity (RCC,1998). Over this Government needs to be organised in such a way that organisation in itself does not interfere with the coordination of all efforts concerned (Hill,1994). The must be an importance placed on professionally recognising and supporting a broader cultural shift towards post-modernism, pluralism, power and desire, small batch production, local narratives, indigenous architecture and place (Stevenson,1999) an environmental conscious, and the inclination toward sustainability. For that reason, there needs to be a more environmentally sensitive form emerging, a revolutionary re-conception of the accepted urban components, that in itself can bring a more eco-friendly suburbia (Girling,1994). This could be achieved through positive research and development towards, for example, the integration of the natural environment to combat urban storm-water runoff, a multitasking of the essential pathway provided by road networks, a rethink of the utility of the yard (and what is the use of a lawn?), and the return of shopping habits of corner store, home production, delivery and market (Engwight,1992). There needs to be a cooperative rethink of present planning barriers and regulations. With the current provisions for overly wide streets, large setbacks, and minimum lot size regulations there are unnecessarily restrictions on alternative, if not just exploratory, ideas about the way communities can be structured, restructured, and constructed. .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 , .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .postImageUrl , .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 , .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:hover , .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:visited , .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:active { border:0!important; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:active , .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Biff is the antithesis of Bernard EssayConclusionThe benefits of urban consolidation will be achieved only if the elements upon which it is composed seek to benefit all of whom it will affect. Appropriating issues is clearly not a substitute for participatory community involvement. It, and other such short-term time and money conservation techniques, will ultimately cost the nation dearly if community concern, communication, and faith are abandoned for resentment and protest. We must avoid exaggeration, and prejudice over questions involving social planning, and through the proponents of ecologically sustainable development and a increased social conscious, and actively pr omote the discontent towards knowing the price of everything, and the value of nothing (Wilde). Urban consolidation may well be the container of urban sprawl, but only if it rises above the rhetoric and market-driven ideologies. BibliographyAlexander, I. (1998), Community Action and Urban Sustainability: Hope for the Millennium? Urban Policy and Research, Vol. 16, No. 2, pages 107-116. Anderson, G. ; Tregoning, H. (1998), Smart Growth in Our Future, ULI the Urban Land Institute. ULI on the Future: Smart Growth. Pages 4-11. Apps, P. (1977), Is There a Wider Role for the Architect in Housing? Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 54-55. Australian Institute of Urban Studies Homeswest (1991), Urban Consolidation Myths and Realities, Proceedings of Division Annual Conference Seminar held at Belmont, WA, on 6th and 7th June, 1991. Beckwith, J.A. (1998), The Role of Caravan Parks in Meeting the Housing Needs of the Aged Urban Policy and Research, Vol.16. No. 2, pages 131-137. Bourke, J.M. (1977), Public Housing A Unique Architectural Challenge Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 63-65. Brisbane City Council (1996), TravelSmart: A Traffic Reduction Strategy for Brisbane. Cawte, J.E. ; Owen, S.E.M. (1977), Medical Effects of Concentrated Living Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 77-79. Community Information Services: Department of Housing and Urban Development. (1993), Social Policy Aspects of Urban Development, Prepared for the Project on Social Considerations in Urban Planning. Danielsen, K.A. Lang, R.E. (1998), The Case for Higher-Density Housing: A Key to Smart Growth? ULI the Urban Land Institute. ULI on the Future: Smart Growth. Pages 20-27. Engwight, D. (1992), Towards an ECO-CITY: Calming the Traffic, Sydney: Envirobook. Fenna, A. (1998), Introduction to Australian Public Policy, Australia: Addison Wesley Longman Australia Pty Limited. Frieden, B.J. ; Sagalyn, L.B. (1991), Downtown, Inc.: How America rebuilds cities, Cambridge (Mass): The MIT Press. Girling, C.L. (1994), Yard, Street, Park: the design of suburban open space, New York: John Wiley ; Sons, Inc. Gordon, A. ; Suzuki, D. (1990), Its a Matter of Survival, North Sydney: Allen Unwin Australia Pty Ltd. Hill, D.M. (1994), Citizens and Cities: Urban Policy in the 1990s, Sydney: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Imrie, R.F. ; Thomas, H. (), Constraints and Conflict in Urban Redevelopment, Jackson, J.T. (1998), Centrality on the Fringe: A Reassessment of Planning Orthodoxy Urban Policy and Research, Vol. 16. No. 1, pages -20. Jakubowicz, A. (1977), Some Aspects of the Sociology of Housing Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 74-76. Johnson, L. (1977), Professional ReticenceA Challenge? Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 56-57. Johnson, L.C. (1994), Suburban Dreaming: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Australian Cities, Victoria: Deakin University Press. Kilby, C. (1990), Lenvironment Urbain: Quelles Politiques pour les annee 1990?, Report prepared for the OECD Group on Urban Affairs. King, R. (1977), Do We Have a National Housing Policy? Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 60-62. Kirk, G. (1980), Urban Planning in a Capitalist Society, London: Croom Helm LondonLawrence, R. (1977), Living High Architecture in ustralia, June 1977. Pages 66-68. Mack, E. (1977), Nuremburg Shazam or Development Controls Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 69-72. McLoughlin, B. (1991), Urban Consolidation and Urban Sprawl: A Question of Density Urban Policy and Research, Vol. 9, No. 3, pages 48-156. Moriarty, P. (1996), Can Urban Density Explain Personal Travel Levels? Urban Policy and Research, Vol.14, No. 2, pages 109-117. Oc, T. Tiesdell, S. (1997), Safer City Centres: Reviving the Public Realm, London: Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd. Petrulis, P. Brock, A. (1998), Government, Business Society (2nd ed.), Sydney: Prentice Hall of Australia Pty Ltd. Regional Coordination Committee. (1998), SouthEast Queensland regional Framework for Growth Management 1998, SEQ2001. Regional Planning Advisory Group. (1993), Human Services Infrastructure: A Draft Policy Paper of the SEQ 2001 Project. Roseth, J. (1991), The Case for Urban Consolidation Architecture Australia, No 80, March 1991, page 30-33. Sandercock, L. ; Berry, M. (1983), Urban Political Economy: The Australian Case, Sydney: George, Allen ; Unwin. Stevenson, D. (1999), Agendas in Place: Urban and Cultural Planning for Cities and Regions, Rural Social and Economic Research Centre: entral Queensland University Press. Stretton, H. (1996), Poor laws of 1834 and 1996, Quadrant, Dec 1996, pages 9-8. Stretton, H. (1975), Ideas for Australian Cities (2nd ed.), Melbourne: Georgian House. Stretton, H. (1991), The Consolidation Problem, Architecture Australia, No 80, March 1991, page 27-29. Troy, P. (1998), The New Feudalism Urban Futures Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2, pages 36-44. TTM Consulting Pty Ltd. (1996), Coomera Charrette Planning Study 1995, Report prepared for the Gold Coast City Council. Urban Renewal Task Force, (1997), Brisbane Urban Renewal 1997 Report: Revitalising the Inner North-East, Report prepared for the Brisbane City Council. Westwood, S. Williams, J. (1997), Imagining Cities: scripts, signs, memory, Great Britain: Routledge. Wienholt, L.J. (1977), Housing for the Aged Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 58-59.

Projectification in Strategic Business Management

Projectification in Strategic Business Management Initial roots of project management application trace into the sectors of manufacturing, military and construction (Brown, 2007, p.1). Project management evolved as a tactical instrument to assist the carrying out of individual projects and programs, such as construction of new building facility, execute new hardware or software initiatives (Wessels, 2007, p.1).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Projectification in Strategic Business Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Formal frameworks for project application as a tool for large military organization efficacy were applied in the 1950’s (Brown, 2007). Some of these early works in project management were published in 1954.The traditional project management practice involved operational performance and achieving set time and goals. It involved a process of building consensus on objectives and obtaining buy-in from organization management and its employees (Wessels, 2007). The management by objectives dealt with description of objectives and drawing timeframes for their fulfillment and evaluation. In the contemporary world organizational challenges and the evolution of cutthroat competition has driven project management into a new paradigm shift (Shenhar et al. 2000). Strategic orientation of the business outfit is at the heart of prosperity in the modern industrial society. According to Shenhar et al. (2000), project strategy fuses the organizational outfit and the traditional project plan (p.1). It allows the organization to achieve strategic objectives such as venturing into new markets, increasing revenues, cutting down organizational costs and providing shareholder with greater value for investments through better returns, among others. Firms face day-to-day decision making hurdles in order for them to stay significant within their lines of operations (Rumelt et al., 1991). Project management has proven to be useful ta ctical tool for executing project outfits (Wessels, 2007). Projects are essential to the development and continued existence of organization in today’s world. They give in return value for investment through improved business operations.Advertising Looking for critical writing on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Projects provide a strong tool for creating new products for the market and enable the organization to acclimatize with changes occurring within the market environment (Wessels, 2007). Some of the organizational solutions that strategic project management would bring on board include package the organization needs based on vision and mission as well as understand capacity to field project teams to effect change. In addition, provide criteria for investing on the best project in terms of value addition for the organization, eliminate any weakness areas that may face the project as wel l as provide a perpetual assessment and evaluation scheme for project investment. Executing strategic process involves two levels of engagement: formulation and implementation. Much of the information on strategic process has narrowed into the aspects of strategic formulation visvis strategy implementation. For successful achievement of organizational project intentions, there is need for effective and efficient implementation structures. These structures include components of information systems and relationship that advances implementation and execution of subdivided activities. Among the more significant conditions for the successful implementation of strategy is to make sure that decisions made by managerial staff are consistent with the organization’s goals and objectives. The test of triumphant strategic management is anchored in managing the pressure that exists between creative modernism and predictable aim achievement. This tension occurs by integrating boundless opp ortunities with managers’ limited interest; implementing with parallelism the top-down strategies as well as bottom-up strategies with objectivity; creating indicators in the environment while maintaining innovativeness and controlling actions while simultaneously allowing the organization to gain creativity and innovative ideas. The four elements that need to be delineated within the project strategy include product labeling and establishing its competitive advantage, business perspective, the project extremes and strategic focus (Shenhar et al., 2000). Product labeling and establishing its competitive advantage forms the initial base on which to built strategy, define terms and outline plan (Shenhar et al., 2000).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Projectification in Strategic Business Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is the basic component of every product generated from the projec t. Project product deals with developing the product parts and product life. This brings on board the aspect of competitive advantage (Shenhar et al., 2000). While some projects may last for a while, the product may remain for a longer period. The project product is tailored to make more gains than project. The fundamental blocks of product definition are objectives, competitive advantage and value, product vision, product type, cost effectiveness, product characteristics and project scope (Shenhar et al., 2000). The objective describes the initial motivation for having and requiring the product. Initial steps in defining the objective involve identifying the buyer, client and the potential consumer of the product (Shenhar et al., 2000). There should be a framework to clarify what they need? What would help them? In addition, how to address the needs of target groups sufficiently, through the product in question (Shenhar et al., 2000). Product vision stipulates the product value and a brief description of the competitive advantage. The vision should be stated with clarity and use of emotional terms. The product vision is meant to provide the product some market impetus. Classifying product type is an essential step in product definition (Shenhar et al., 2000). Product definition will articulate the perspectives: how well is the market versed to the product and product complexity. The cost effectiveness of the product element is the gauge showing relation the product performance has with product cost (Shenhar et al., 2000). Product appearance element describes the technical and functional qualities manifested by the product. This profiles the product in terms of acquisition cost, operation cost, ease of use, dependability, maintainability, serviceability, compatibility and so on (Shenhar et al., 2000). In addition, it details the product functions, activities which the product can do and the various in which the product can be customized efficiently (Shenhar et al., 2000). Product characteristics detail the technical specifications defining the product. Business perspective expounds the product expectations on what it will achieve and what the organization anticipate it will do (Shenhar et al., 2000).Advertising Looking for critical writing on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The perspective aspect details the transactional requirements and potential market achievement of the product. Additional information that can be added to the perspective is the projected sales and progressive trend for a specified period (Shenhar et al., 2000). Project scope definition delineates boundary for the work, which needs to be done and to categorize the project type. This stipulates the outcome of the project, the work to be done as well as what closely relates to the project that will not be included into the project (Shenhar et al., 2000). Project scope provides the structural breakdown of the project. Project type has four-dimensional perspectives: market uncertainty, pace, technological uncertainty and organizational complexity (Shenhar et al., 2000). There is need to stipulate for each project its style and strategy (Shenhar et al., 2000). Strategic focus is meant to create the mindset and course of action for behavior in order to achieve product competitiveness and value addition. The appropriate strategic focus is streamlined to give a competitive advantage based on guidelines for the project management (Yeo, 2002). Thus, achieving activity orientation and create conditions that makes the competitive advantage a reality. Factors that shape the project complexity within the information systems include how well is the product marketing tools achieving the sales objective, what is the spatial coverage of the sales mission and how will the sales process integrate the customer desires (Shenhar et al., 2000). Moreover, how well is the organization equipped to foster the achievement of the sales objective as well as what is the structure in place for coordination. Generics of project strategies entail advantage in cost, time and product as well as customer focuses. In terms of cost advantage, the product should achieve cost effectiveness; ensure that the project product makes some savings in every step of the process. Cost indicators and constant sc reening are important in achieving the cot advantage. The time advantage gives the product a distinction of demand with other like products in the markets. This advantage defies time constraints such as delay and efficiency in process flow. Time advantage is achieved through implementing short-term plans that may overlap along the process chains. Product advantage is meant to achieve the quality of the brand for the product. This advantage markets the unique competitive features of the product. This is achieved through constant revisiting of product quality and performance. Customer focus functions to serve specific customer needs. This is based on the understanding of customers’ taste, behavior and ways in which their problems would be solved. According to Rumelt et al. (1991), five forces link economic perspective to research program for strategic management. These are the need to interpret performance data; the experience curve; the organization challenge of perpetuity of profit making; the evolutionary nature of economics as well as advancement of business economics in the academia (Rumelt et al., 1991). These forces undergo day-to-day reconfiguration and each continuously faces the practical and intellectual challenges. Among the important decision support tools for achieving strategic management in organization is the balanced score card (Martinsons et al., 1999). Many business managers supplement financial auditing data with goal related aspects. This is the bases of the concept of a scorecard. These are meant the corporate achievement through focusing on the organization’s client, inbuilt business systems as well as learning and advancement. The scorecard concept I tailored for managing business functions, structure organizational functional cells and personal projects. Organizations adopt the concept of the scorecard to align their operations to new strategies while necessitating the need for cost saving, advancing the goal creating more opportunities and customer base as well as value adding the products of the organization. Martinsons et al. (1999) stipulate the guidelines for information systems in an organization. There is need to raise awareness among the managerial staff especially regarding the information system. The organization has to accumulate and interpret data on the following: corporate strategy, the organization’s specific objectives related to the information the system to be build. The organization should provide the potential metrics related to the balanced IS scorecard perspectives. The organization should evidently define the specific objectives and goals of the information system docket and its functions. Prepare a guiding framework for receiving comments on the scorecard for the information system and appropriately make the recommendations functional. The scorecard developers should strike agreement with the organization management on its adoption. Promulgate the scorecard to the relev ant stakeholders. The scorecard should exhibit harmony between the corporate level strategy and the information systems strategy as well as have well-specified goals that relate both. Strategies within the project framework that may be implemented in dealing with complexity include technical composition of the project team based on the required skills, incorporating the consultants and venders to enhance the project existing expertise as well as organization’s team bonding through meetings and appraising the progress made. Responsibilities of a project manager entail ensure development as defined within the metrics, outlining feasible threats of the project, ensure advancement toward deliverables within time and resource constraints, supervising meetings as well as negotiating for resources meant for the project implementation. Strategic factor markets are the markets from which the project manager gets the materials and resources required to implement the strategies agreed o n. In doing an analysis of the monitory expenditure of implementing project strategies, a project manager has to consider whether strategic factor markets are in favor of the implementing the strategies. To ascertain whether these markets are favorable to implement the strategies adopted one condition has to be satisfied. The condition is that, the cost of the resources must be almost the same as the economic value of them after they are used in the implementation (Barney, 1986). Imperfect competition in a strategic factor market arises when firms involved express dissimilar expectations as regards to the value of a given strategic resource. Imperfect completion in turn can result in a firm obtaining above standard economic performance form a given combination of strategic resources and the corresponding implementation strategies (Barney, 1986). Dissimilar expectations of firms on the economic value of strategic resources can be associated or linked to other imperfections of strateg ic factor markets. The first of these imperfections is a single firm controlling all the needed resources for implementing a strategy (Barney, 1986). The second imperfection arises when a single firm controlling all the unique resources for implementing a strategy. The third imperfection arises when implementation of a particular strategy attracts only a small number of firms. The fourth imperfection is because of a group of firms or just a single firm having access to cheaper capital than the rest (Midler, 1995). To develop better expectations to counter imperfectness in strategic markets firms have to do an analysis of two aspects. The first aspect is the competitive environment they are in and the second is the skills and capabilities unique to the firm. Of these two however, expectations that are more accurate are a product of the analysis done on the second aspect. Project management in an organization set up may face intricacies. The technical head in a strategic project manag ement setting may be derailed into politics of adopting projects from lower project management level by preference rather than by constructive merit. The technical head in most cases fails in this way because of lack of comprehensive consultation, guidance and support between decision makers at different level of handling projects. Information cascading may result to forgoing of the better project option. The competitive nature of project bidding may be the requisite recipe for the project options succumbing to politics. The technical bench of strategic project management should exhibit acumen and discerning ability in decision-making process well above the traditional project management in order to achieve successfully set overall organizational goals. Strategy building may constantly be dynamic and progressive thus needs adaptive, rigor and vigor in thinking and approach. There should be project leadership and proactive team play driven by efficiency and efficacy on the project re sponsibility. While this may be prudent at strategy planning stage, implementation stage may be characterized by inefficiency or ineffectiveness. In order to achieve to achieve efficiency and efficacy in project strategy ample time and adequate resources are required. For progressive value, addition from the strategic positions taken by technical team may require enhancement training. Renault adopted the project model to enhance results based on management of time, product quality as well as cost control (Midler, 1995). Their approach was to apply skills on department strategies while lowering the powers of the overseeing project coordinator. This was less effective in the operations. This revealed that in the automobile industry project based management especially in the Western world were less competitive than their peers in Asia continent were (Midler, 1995). Japanese automobile production management have proved to be competitive than the project management approach of the Wester n world. Renault’s project management was developed to enhance the organization’s financial situation in the short term and this proved ineffective (Midler, 1995). The project models have a high degree of irreversibility in decision-making process from lower ranks upstream than vice versa. This makes it difficult for those at the implementation level (low rank players) to make direct improvement on the project yet they are well versed with project products. The knowledge of the project product reduces from lower to higher ranks. The degree of freedom of maneuvering the project improves in the opposite direction. Another project limitation is that of sustaining progress when there is a changeover of project team. The project process requires build up of project knowledge and skill throughout. When project players involved at the beginning are meant to hand over to another team to complete the remaining part, indication are that the project may be at risk. This is becaus e it is likely whether the incoming team may understand give and takes as well as trade-offs by the initial team. Actually, there is a fear that they may not fully commit themselves on what had been agreed upon by the other group. How the standards of the project progress are applied, need constant revision; it is misguiding to consider that project players will seek to the conventionally accepted project criteria if they are themselves are scrutinized independently based on criteria only partially associated with their work. Take for instance a car-manufacturing firm with several different models being worked on at different plants of the project. In such a case, the upstream involvement of plants on the project assessment of the performance of the each plant could be arrived proportional to the number of the personnel. In this setting, support staff indirectly involved in the project (e.g. the supervisor) may be overlooked in the completion of a project product (a release of a new car model) especially in the project productivity indicator (Porter, 1982). The interest in the concept of strategic management is on the surge (Artto Dietrich, 2002; Dolby, 2008). The degree in which the managing of project strategy makes a value addition to the organization interests proves its worth in terms competitiveness. Thus, need for clarity when describing and executing the strategy’s objectives for a particular project. Describing the best strategy (e.g. product strategy) for the project at the initial stage and marrying it with the larger business strategy gives impetus to achieving success. There is need for mastery in how the organization seeks to state their project strategies in order to give it a competitive edge above other products that are within the market. The economic performance of firms does not rely solely on market success, but also, on the cost of achieving the contents of the strategy. In scenarios where the cost of implementing the strategy is higher than the benefits accrued out of it, then the performance of the strategy efforts are below economic expectations. Artto, K., Dietrich, P. H., 2002. Strategic business management through multiple projects. The Wiley Guide to Project, Program Portfolio Management, Web. Available at: http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/54/04702268/0470226854.pdf . Dolby, Nadine, 2008. Research in youth culture and policy: current conditions and future directions. Social Work and Society, Web. 6 (2), Available at: socwork.net/2008/2/special_issue/dolby . Barney, Jay, 1986. Strategic factor markets: expectations, luck, and business strategy. Management Science, Web. Available at: xbzhu.cn/jlq/UpFile/UpAttachment/2008-4/200841410132.pdf . Brown, Erick, 2007. Strategic project management, Web. Available at: http://ericbrown.com/docs/StrategicProjectManagement.pdf . Martinsons, M., Davison, R., Tse, D., 1999. The balanced scorecard: a foundation for the strategic management of inf ormation systems. Scandinavian Journal of Management, [Online], pp. 71–88. Available at: imamu.edu.sa/Scientific_selections/abstracts/Abstract%20%20IT%20%203/The%20balanced%20scorecard%20-%20a%20foundation%20for%20the%20strategic%20management%20of%20information%20systems.pdf . Midler, Christophe, 1995. Projectification of the firm, the Renault case. Scandinavian Journal of Management, [Online], 11 (4), pp. 363-375. Available at: http://crg.polytechnique.fr/v2/fic/Innovation_Projectification.pdf . Porter, Michael E., 1982. The contributions of industrial organization to strategic management. The Academy of Management Review, [Online], 6 (4), pp. 609-620. Available at: http://faculty.fuqua.duke.edu/~willm/Classes/PhD/PhD_2007-2008/Papers/c06/Porter_AMR.pdf . Rumelt, R. P., Schendel, D., Teece, D. J., 1991. Precis of strategic management and economics. Strategic Management Journal 12, pp. 5-29. Available at: anderson.ucla.edu/faculty/dick.rumelt/Docs/Papers/rst_precis.pdf . She nhar, A. J., Poli, M., Lechler, T., 2000. A new framework for strategic project management. Stevens Institute of Technology, Web. Available at: iamot.org/paperarchive/101B.PDF . Wessels, Deborah, 2007. The strategic role of project management. PM World Today, [Online], IX (II). Available at: pmforum.org/library/papers/2007/PDFs/Wessels-2-07.pdf . Yeo, K. T., 2002. Critical failure factors in information system projects. International Journal of Project Management, [Online], 20. Pp. 241-246. Available at: uncg.edu/bae/people/amoako/ISM654/reading_%233.pdf.

Domestic Violence Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Domestic Violence Issues - Essay Example the manifestations of violence within what should be a loving relationship to fully understand the horror to which victims are subjected and the need for adequate protection to be provided by both the civil and the criminal justice systems. Perpetrators and Victims Domestic violence is conceived of primarily as a problem of men's abuse of women. Although researchers have documented abuse within same sex relationships4 and although there is evidence that, in a comparatively small number of cases, women abuse men5, the available research suggests that domestic violence is overwhelmingly directed by men against women6. The prior relationship between victims and defendants is most apparent in crimes against women. Men are more likely then women to experience violent victimization. But the nature of these events differs greatly. Women are about six times more likely than men to experience violence committed by an intimate. The prior relationship between victim and offender causes particular problems for law enforcement officials in the area of domestic violence. Domestic Violence: Literary Review Violence in the context of intimate relationships encapsulates may types of abuse: emotional/psychological, physical, sexual and economic. Such abuse can occur within married, separated and divorced relationships or among single people living together or simply dating one another. Many enduring and dysfunctional aspects contribute to the violence that occurs, so it is important to examine how abusive episodes emerge within the context of the ongoing relationship. Of all the crimes reported to the British Crime Survey in 2000, more than 1 in 20 was classified as domestic violence. Survey reports of...A. Stanko (1989), 'Policing Men's Violence: An Introduction' in J. Hanmer, J. Radford and E. A. Stanko (eds), Women, Policing and Male Violence: International Perspectives, London and New York, Routledge Cook, B., David, F. & Grant, A. 1999, Victims' Needs, Victims' Rights: Policies and programs for victims of crime in Australia, Research and Public Policy Series No. 19, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra.

Poetry books Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Poetry books - Essay Example The â€Å"Short Charter of Christ† employs a number of imageries which centrally focus on the development of the grand-imagery of crucified Christ. This imagery of the crucified body of Christ further conveys a holistic abstraction of Christ’s physical sufferings in exchange for the salvation of humanity. On the contrary, the image of the charter visualizes this grand metaphor through the triadic relationship among â€Å"signs†, â€Å"interpreters† and â€Å"ideas† which those signs are intended to convey to the audiences or readers. The scribe of this image has effectively employed a number of signs of physical sufferings such as five wounds, the nails, the â€Å"scourges of his attackers†, stains of blood, bones and skulls, etc. to conjure up Christ’s sufferings and to convey his pains to the readers. Through these symbols, he has attempted to visualize spatiotemporal settings of Jesus’ crucifixion in the mage, while the poem uses various imageries develop the traditional Christian concepts of humankind’s salvation and liberation through Christ’s suffering on the Holy Cross. Indeed, during the medieval period, it was a literary tradition of referring to Christ’s Last Will in Manuscripts. But some of the charters of Christ had been produced in the form of legal documents. In these charters, the scribes would make sincere effort to convey a sense of legality of the documents to the readers. Therefore, the scribes had to apply a number of techniques in this regard. These techniques include literary-visual binary techniques of presentation of the theme. While presenting the theme of the documents they would attempt to instill the spatiotemporal dimension of their subject matter. Necessarily, they had to assume the persona of Christ in their manuscripts. While Christ’s persona was worked out through linguistic strategy of using the first person perspective in the presentation of th e literary content, images were used to illustrate and visualize Christ’s figure. These pictorial presentations of Christ would more or less commonly uphold him in the posture of delivering sermon to his disciples. In this regard, it can be said that the pictorial presentation of Christ’s persona in the â€Å"Short Charter of Christ† is somewhat different from this tradition. Instead, the scribe of the â€Å"Short Charter† has adapted and elaborated the image of crucified Christ to visualize the theme of the poem. The â€Å"Short Charter of Christ†, had been written as a legal document in which Christ grants humankind the liberation and redemption from sins. This charter has a root in the medieval practice of writing religious documents in parchments. More specifically, this is the imitation of Christ’s Last Will and Testament. In order to work out the spatiotemporal dimension of Christ’s physical sufferings, the scribe has endeavored to convey the sense of Christ’s physical sufferings through the images of the cross, crucified Christ and other elements needed in the process of crucifixion. These symbols and images of crucified Christ nailed on the cross are sufficient enough to work out the realities which Christ himself faced. But in order to validate the legal dimension of the texts, those medieval script-writers would manipulate the imagery of Christ’s skin extended to serve as a parchment on which Christ’

AFA event Alm3a8en Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AFA event Alm3a8en - Essay Example This is important in facilitation of ease of communication. Such auxiliary aids are always given even to the deaf to ease communication. Some of these aids involve the use of interpreters as well as other hearing devices. These include the captions, text telephone systems as well as assistive learning systems. These auxiliary aids as well as the interpreters are always offered to the disabled people free of charge. Some of the accommodation and public access facilities offered by ADA to the people with disabilities include the lodgings as well as health and exercise business areas. These include places like hotels, public conferences as well as entertainment rooms. ADA ensures that the charter bus services cater for the disabled persons through allowing for accessible buses. In addition, it liaises with the insurance companies provide the persons with disabilities with automobile insurances. ADA serves to ensure that government avails the disabled persons with free auxiliary aids. In addition, it ensures that the government agencies provide the disabled with the necessary services. This is done regardless of any relationship that may exist between the individual and the people with disabilities. ADA always ensures that employers provide necessary accommodation services to employees whenever they are declared disabled. The employer may do the declaration of disability on an employee anytime. This may be very beneficial to the disabled employee as well as the employer. This is because the employer may get federal tax credit as well as federal tax deduction from the government following such decisions involving helping the disabled

The Determinants Of Diabetes Health And Social Care Essay

The Determinants Of Diabetes Health And Social Care Essay Diabetes affects over 3 million adults in Australia alone-of which 90% is type 2 (Baricevic, 2007) non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM-for the sake of this essay diabetes is referring to type 2 NIDDM). There are numerous biological and socioeconomic determinants of the disease which has developed into Australias fastest growing chronic disease. Whilst it is often considered a lifestyle disease (Scobie Samaras, 2009) this is a common misunderstanding with many other contributing factors such as genetics, the environment and economic circumstances. Whilst much research has gone into the management/treatment of diabetes, work on addressing the upstream determinants has begun. Physiotherapists play a vital role in the prevention and treatment of the condition with them often prescribing exercise programs for diabetic patients. Diabetes results from a total or partial insulin deficiency, resulting in hypoglycaemia. This deficiency prevents glucose movement between the blood and cells, creating a build-up of glucose in the bloodstream. As a result of the hypoglycaemia, several key symptoms are present including blurred vision; increased healing times; unexplained weight gain; increased passing of urine; thirstiness; tiredness and dizziness. In 2010 diabetes accounted for 6.6% of Australias total burdens of disease and has been identified as one of the eight national health priorities (AIHW, 2010). Section 1 Hamdy, Goodyear, Horton (2004) contend that there are three key contributing factors to the onset of diabetes. These include genetic predisposition, decreased insulin action and a defect in the pancreatic ÃŽÂ ² cell. However the most well-known biological and behavioural determinants of the condition relate to obesity with the relative risk being 1.8 for an overweight person and a staggering 3.2 for obese people (Marks, Coyne, Pang, 2001). Weight related determinants include obesity (morbid and moderate), sedentary lifestyle, poor diet and low levels of physical activity (Ramlo-Halsted Edelman, 1999). Hamdy, Goodyear Horton (2004) suggest the primary reason for such societal changes leading to the dramatic rises in the rates of both obesity and more so diabetes is urbanisation. They suggest that the recent world-wide urbanisation and increase in technology has created a society where traditional incidental forms of exercise have been alleviated in favour of technology and the advances that it has facilitated. Ethnic groups have particularly been affected by these changes with their traditional forms of life transformed as they too are impacted by globalisation. An example of such a group in Australia is the Indigenous Australians. As with nearly all areas of health, they are severely over represented in the percent suffering from diabetes. __________ Other factors contributing to the onset of the disease include older age, Section 2 Despite these factors being well documented as some of the primary causes of diabetes, Scobie Samaras (2009) argue that these factors accelerate the onset rather than being the primary cause. -biological/behavioural determinants of health Age Genetic background-parental history -groups at particular risk: Elderly People with a family history Certain ethnic groups (eg Aboriginal Australians) Low SES Section 2 (link back in with individual determinants) -Factors such as poverty, poor education, social exclusion, unemployment and lack of or poor quality housing all contribute to health inequalities. -socioeconomic determinants of health PolicyÆ’Â  PA levels in schools, NPAG, education CommunityÆ’Â  access to parks/paths EnvironmentalÆ’Â  safety, access to fresh food SocietalÆ’Â   urbanisation and increase in technology = down incidental exercise EconomicÆ’Â  employment/occupation, income, wealth Section 3 Traditionally treatment of diabetes has focused on the downstream factors, with the focus being at an individual level. Exercise and weight loss are key aspects of the treatment, given that ________. Exercise alone leads to a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity (Misra, et al., 2008). In line with the National Physical Activity Guidelines (Department of Health and Ageing, 2010), it is recommended that individuals participate in at least 30 min of walking 5 days per week. The guidelines highlight four key points for all adults regarding physical activity, with these being particularly important for people with diabetes. They are: Think of movement as an opportunity, not an inconvenience Be active every day in as many ways as you can Put together at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity on most, preferably all, days If you can, also enjoy some regular, vigorous activity for extra health and fitness (Department of Health and Ageing, 2010) In conjunction with exercise, a healthy diet is essential for the effective treatment of diabetes (DA Victoria, 2002). This has been proven to have the single greatest natural impact on blood glucose levels; as well as aiding weight loss and decreasing insulin resistance. Foods should not be limited to low GI, with a diet focussed on high protein (such as fish and low fat dairy); high carbohydrates (such as pasta, bread and fruit) and low saturated fat/sugar (Baricevic, 2007). The AIHW (2010) suggests that the most appropriate method of treatment is initially through diet and exercise, progressing only later to medication. Diabetes medication primarily acts to help regulate the blood glucose levels. Given that with this condition insulin is unable to effectively function, it becomes important to have a way to regulate blood sugar. The normal range is 3.5-6 mmol/L prior to meals and 3.5-8mmol/L directly afterwards (DA Victoria, 2002). Glucose management is very important to keep the risk of cardiovascular disease down, and without regulation the person may suffer from hypo/hyperglycemia. That said, Ramlo-Halsted Edelman (1999) point out that the optimal regimen particularly for medication will change for each individual as the condition progresses. There are two different options for medication-tablets or insulin injections. The tablets are taken orally and decrease the release of stored glucose in the liver, keeping blood sugar levels down. In contrast, i nsulin injections come in the form of a needle (syringe) or a pen and are used when the pancreas is unable to produce the required amounts of insulin (Baricevic, 2007). Diabetes, as with many health conditions, requires a multi-disciplinary team for successful treatment and management. Diabetes Management in General Practise (2009) describes the roles of at least eight different team members in the treatment of diabetes. These include: General practitioner Exercise specialist (commonly a physiotherapist) Podiatrist Optometrist Oral health professional Diabetes educator (nurses etc) Dietician Endocrinologist/diabetologist Whilst not all of these health professionals will necessarily be involved in every individuals treatment, the teams cooperation is vital for long-term treatment. To help with individual treatment of diabetes, the Australian Government has established the National Diabetes Services Scheme (NDSS). The program has in excess of 900 000 registered people with diabetes and is continuing to grow. There are several key elements of the scheme with subsidised products and information as well as education. Through this program, there are 2200 outlets which supply discounted products for treatment to the registrants. Whilst treatment is very common, alongside it is an extensive management plan. DA Victoria (2002) describes several aspects to proper management. Aside from being physically active and eating well as previously mentioned, it is preferable for a diabetic to link up with a local support team for help, support and to maintain a positive attitude. Additionally testing blood glucose regularly and medicating appropriately as prescribed is also important. Diabetes Management in General Practise (2009) also emphasises the need to quit smoking (if applicable), have less than two standard drinks per day and ensure BMI (body mass index) in less than 25 to achieve general wellbeing. Hawley Zierath (2008) also outline the importance of minimising the risks and effects of complications. They state that this can be achieved through controlling glycaemia, blood pressure and lipid levels; in conjunction with regular health checks (focussing on eye, kidney and foot problems). Section 4 Prevention of diabetes is an absolute priority especially when over 60% of type 2 cases are preventable. With diabetes being the 7th leading cause of death in Australia (AIHW, 2010), there is no question why the Australian Government has made the condition a national health priority. According to Weeson (2000), upstream treatment by primary health professionals should be the focus of all approaches. These upstream factors include______________. Simple steps can easily help prevent or delay the onset of diabetes (Type 2 Diabetes, 2011) through implementing a healthy lifestyle. Diabetes Australia encourages individuals to maintain a healthy weight, participate in regular physical activity, eat healthy food, manage blood pressure/cholesterol and not smoke, to decrease the onset of the condition (Type 2 Diabetes, 2011). There is a very strong link between physical activity and diabetes as previously mentioned, however it should benoted that participation in a moderate or preferably brisk walking regimen can decrease the incidence of diabetes by 30% (Jeon, Lokken, van Dam, 2007). Furthermore Jeon, Lokken van Dam (2007) describe this strong relationship saying that there is also a link between the amount of physical activity and the reduction of risk-an amazing 58% decrease in the incidence of prediabetes can be achieved through exercise previously stated. Zimmet (2000) emphasises that diabetes cannot be stooped by traditional medical approaches. Given the scale and enormity of the issue, he contends that drastic socioeconomic and cultural status changes are required to make progress. Zimmet (2000) says that international diabetes and public health organisation need to lobby and mobilise politicians and non-government agencies. Through this, the issues causing the pandemic (socioeconomic, behavioural, nutritional and public health) can be addressed. A multi-disciplinary task force is suggested to aid in the reversal of the socioeconomic issues, as Zimmet feels that individuals alone acting to change will not make a big enough difference (Zimmet, 2000). The National Evidence Based Guidelines for the Primary Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes (Colagiuri, Girgis, Gomez, Walker, Colagiuri, ODea, 2009) describe four key areas to creating effective preventative action for diabetes. These include: Having a strong theoretic base for the program Designing the program with clear messages, incorporating a multifaceted approach to deliver these messages Encouraging family involvement Intensive and sustained campaign over a long duration The guidelines also discuss the facets within the broader community that should be targeted for prevention of the condition. One of the central elements to effectively targeting the population is education (Colagiuri, Girgis, Gomez, Walker, Colagiuri, ODea, 2009). Through media, the guidelines propose that the education can change attitudes as well as levels of knowledge. This can have a particularly profound impact on the short term increase in physical activity. This was seen in the Life be in it___________ In terms of prevention for individuals, the guidelines also provided several points specifically targeting those in the risk groups. The guidelines (Colagiuri, Girgis, Gomez, Walker, Colagiuri, ODea, 2009) specify individuals at particular risk as having a score greater than or equal to 15 on the AUSDRISK risk assessment tool. There are three levels of action to prevent the onset of diabetes. Initially lifestyle modifications such as weight management, progressing to pharmacological interventions where necessary and in cases with severe risk bariatric surgery may be considered. Furthering the treatment dietary considerations previously mentioned, in order to prevent diabetes sugar-sweetened drinks have been identified with fast food as items that pose the largest threat of inducing diabetes (Hu, van Dam, Liu , 2001). Fish oil and polyunsaturated fats have also been proven to help with the prevention of the condition. Other -conversion from high risk to low risk lifestyle = moderate style Physiotherapists play a large role particularly in the treatment, but also the prevention of diabetes. Ozdirenc, Kocak Gutekin (2004) highlighted the importance of physiotherapy in the accurate prescription of exercise. They suggested that any exercise prescribed in the interest of decreasing complication with diabetes or preventing it should be undertaken at 65-75% of a persons VOà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ max and emphasised the necessity of a professional in such prescription. According to their study, physical exercise can lead to a significant decrease in physical impairment and provide improvements to functional limitations that the person had suffered. In contrast, they determined that low levels of activity caused a decreased cardio respiratory capacity and hence lessened ability to walk longer distances. These effects of inactivity too have the potential to be improved through the implementation of a physical activity regime (Ozdirenc, Kocak, Gutekin, 2004). Physiotherapists also p lay an important role in the prevention of diabetes through education and public health promotion. At an individual level such professionals can help their clients who are identified as being at risk (of diabetes) to make behavioural modifications to lessen their personal risks. In addition to this, physiotherapists can help their patients with diabetes develop an exercise program to aid in weight loss and improving their future prognosis. At a broader level physiotherapists can be involved in policy development and other awareness campaigns. For example the National Physical Activity Guidelines require experts and other professionals inputs to develop programs with the key elements previously mentioned such as strong theoretical bases. Conclusion -prevention must be a key focus given that -a condition that is highly amenable to primary intervention