Urbanization Essay Thesis Example For Students

Urbanization Essay Thesis Factors and Fallacies in Urban Consolidation:IntroductionAs proponents of urban consolidation and consolidated living continue to manifest in our society, we must ensure that our acknowledgment of its benefits, and the problems of its agitator (sprawl), do not hinder our caution over its continually changing objectives. DefinitionLike much urban policy, the potential benefits that urban consolidation and the urban village concept seek to offer are substantially undermined by ambiguous definition. This ambiguity, as expressed through a general lack of inter-governmental and inter-professional cohesion on this policy, can best be understood in terms of individual motives (AIUSH,1991). ? State Governments participatory role in the reduction of infrastructure spending. We will write a custom essay on Urbanization Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now ? Urban Professionals recognition of the increased variability, robustness, and interest in both the urban area and their work. ? Conservation Activists commendation of the lower consumption of resources, and reduced pressure on sensitive environment areas, suggestive of a reduction in urban sprawl. ? The Development Industrys equations of profit established through better and higher levels of land use. Essentially urban consolidation proposes an increase of either population or dwellings in an existing defined urban area (Roseth,1991). Furthermore, the suburban village seeks to establish this intensification within a more specific agenda, in which community is to be centred by public transport nodes, and housing choice is to be widened with increased diversity of housing type (Jackson,1998). The underlying premise of this swing towards urban regeneration, and the subsequent debate about higher-density development, is the reconsideration of the suburban ideal and the negative social and environmental implications inherent in its continuation (Johnson, 1994). In reference to this regeneration is the encouragement of greater community participation, a strengthening and broadening of urban life and culture, and a halt to physical, environmental and economic decline (Hill,1994). Myths and Misunderstanding The relative successes of practical solutions to the urban consolidation model are constrained within the assumptions underpinning them. Appropriating community desire towards a more urban lifestyle ignores the basic fact that people chose to live in the suburbs (Stretton,1975). Suburbia as an ideal, is a preference based on perpetual stability, be it though neighbourhood identity or the act of home ownership a view not reflected in planning models heavily biased towards highly mobile societies. Cost benefits deemed to be provided by higher-density living, in terms of more efficient use of infrastructure, are realized primarily in the private sectors (Troy,1998). A result inconclusive to State government objectives towards reduced public spending. Traffic reduction as an expressed direct result of higher-density residential living is largely incorrect. A falsehood achieved by using density as a substitute for sociological variables such as income, household size, and lifestyle characteristics (Moriarty,1996). Traffic reduction stems primarily from a decision to drive (Engwight,1992), a contributing factor not easily adjustable by urban planning alone. Overemphasis of the contribution inner-city urban renewal has towards urban sprawl has allowed the prolongation of unchecked urban fringe development. The recurrence of the parcel-by-parcel (Girling,1994) distribution of new suburban development has not received the same amount of active participation, or concerted research and development, as governments have generated in existing urban areas. Solutions in Themselves. Too often the priority of consolidated land use is defined solely by density and cost analysis of infrastructure (Danielsen,1998). This produces a lack in qualitative understanding of the initial, highly humanitarian, aspects that consolidated living curtailed. It is in this vein that consequential detriments such as physical encroachment and overcrowding, unsympathetic housing styles (AIUSH,1991), and increased gentrification of urban areas inexplicably occur. In such, planning seems to produce solutions to symptoms, rather than address the issues which cause them. Critical design failure arises from superficial viewpoints on such fundamentals as neighbourhood and community (Mack,1977). In such the built form dubiously grounds itself on place making, removed from the reality that people are the essential component of the place (Westwood,1997). The only way in which adequate understanding, of actual community desires and obligations, can emerge is through active public consultation, and heavy local government involvement. Public consultation for the sake of public consultation is not only insignificant, but unjust. Non-desirable political gains may include;? Participation to inform (pre-warn) citizens of intended action. ? Participation to organise voluntary campaigns and work. ? Participation to stall and combat organised opposition. ? Participation to secure reliable feedback.(Kirk,1980)It is often the case where public consultation is involved in the plan-making process after a limited range of options have been clarified. Consequently the beneficial possibilities arising from the integration of the higher-density objective into collective public attitude, where an autonomous solution can be reached, is denied. Instead, objections towards urban renewal and consolidated initiatives are easily allied due to counter-emotive arguments not resolved by cooperative harmonisation of goals. Economic rationale biased to higher-residential densities does not recognise the potential for other (traditional) measures of consolidated efficiencies (AIUSH,1991). Planning resolutions involving such aspects as lot frontage, have been disregarded, and may provide a far greater measure of public transport, and urban village success. Who is to blame?The articulation of blame is a misrepresentation of the problems inherent with urban policy in general. Holistically, everyone is, in part, responsible. However, the futility of the current organisational strategies is not to be excused. Governments and community response has generally been short term (BCC,1996). The reasoning is simple and two tier; State and Federal Governments are elected primary on short term contracts, whereas Local Governments and community organisations maintain a more stable, continuing set of goals and motivations (Petrulis,1998); Local Government and community organisations have, as a rule, substantially less authority over public policy, and a definite underrepresented amount of public funding (Alexander,1998). .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 , .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .postImageUrl , .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 , .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:hover , .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:visited , .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:active { border:0!important; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:active , .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8 .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7b628de01f3f7eb6040ed5ae8541a2c8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Communication Systems EssayPolicy that is continually directed top-down is to blame. The misdirection of federally derived funds, through State legislature is stretching the ethical margins, and challenging its moral obligations as a public service provider not a provider for the public-service. The State Governments were able to appropriate the rhetoric of social justice and environmental sustainability that define Building Better Cities, and at the same time use this language and the funds provided by the federal government to consolidate an agenda of market-led urban development and the aggressive encouragement of property speculation. (Stevenson,1999)Regardless of the reduction of the present day support we justify government by, a shift explained by Stretton (1996) where Our politicians have taught their electors to expect tax cuts, refuse tax increase, and despise government, the supposed fiscal difficulties incurred by government do not impose urgent reductions in public spending this freeze (Jackson,1998) placed upon social infrastructure is a strict resultant of choice. In this constricted social environment, momentum must be gained alternatively through essential partnership between the public and private realms. The full extent of Friedens (1991) urban vitality, gained through these partnerships, can only be fulfilled if the existing rules, regulations and red tape, that are non-descriptive and non-defining to individual situations, are alleviated (Anderson,1998) essentially we have too many rule making agencies (AIUSH,1991). Critical factorsCritical factors in the reinforcement of the need for urban consolidation to be established as a fundamental urban reality can be seen in the alternative the continuation of urban sprawl. Even if all the assumptions are exaggerated, and the doomsday predictions are dramatically fantasised, there is major collective apprehension towards ANY further encroachment within the biological environment. Something needs to be done. Quality of life in all respects and purposes should be the ultimate gain. Appraisal of this quality should be bound by no prejudges, pre-conclusions, or a variable market value. If not planning will instead deny equity (so proactively sought) and therefore careful intent and design would be subtractive rather than representative of community base. In exacting theoretical discovery, no matter how publicly participated, citizens as part of a just a democratic society should not be made the guinea pigs of experimental reform. In terms of removing the f aults from planning practice, it must be kept mindful that just as increased public transport is not an answer in itself, neither is physical and social planning. In as much by continually educating the community, in all aspects of urban practice, thereby facilitating a multifaceted participatory approach, will yield solutions otherwise undiscovered by good planning practice (Mack,1977). Practical applications must ultimately be ends tested. Public transport and more efficient vehicles do nothing other than strengthen the need to keep planning for roads. Urban density is to often confused with housing form (Jackson,1998). The wholesale demolition of existing areas for incredibly heroic (McLoughlin,1991) achievements in density are not only non-proportionally effective, but also this new building denies the creative possibilities of adapting existing environments. The importance of preserving emotive neighbourhood character provisions such as established trees, and corner stores, is pinnacle. When we destroy the greenery and the individuality of a place we destroy the justification for the suburbs, the mandate of the masses, which ultimately means failed consolidation. All of the aforementioned articles of increased sustainability expose a greater need for radical social change. We must enact a fundamental change, at both the individual and community levels to make sa crifices for the common good! Options for Action What society needs is clear, valid and up to date objectives a vision from which a set of individualistic solutions can be consistently derived (AIUSH,1991). These derivations shall be firmly rooted in local government and other community organizations; an agenda that will become increasingly pertinent as political environments destabilise, due to minority parties and the likes, and less conductive to long-term planning. However, this is not to decline a multilevel and multidisciplinary approach. Regional prospective must be applied so as to avoid periphery degradation of local governments areas, maintain open space networks, facilitate regional public transport and freight links, and to preserve a greater regional identity (RCC,1998). Over this Government needs to be organised in such a way that organisation in itself does not interfere with the coordination of all efforts concerned (Hill,1994). The must be an importance placed on professionally recognising and supporting a broader cultural shift towards post-modernism, pluralism, power and desire, small batch production, local narratives, indigenous architecture and place (Stevenson,1999) an environmental conscious, and the inclination toward sustainability. For that reason, there needs to be a more environmentally sensitive form emerging, a revolutionary re-conception of the accepted urban components, that in itself can bring a more eco-friendly suburbia (Girling,1994). This could be achieved through positive research and development towards, for example, the integration of the natural environment to combat urban storm-water runoff, a multitasking of the essential pathway provided by road networks, a rethink of the utility of the yard (and what is the use of a lawn?), and the return of shopping habits of corner store, home production, delivery and market (Engwight,1992). There needs to be a cooperative rethink of present planning barriers and regulations. With the current provisions for overly wide streets, large setbacks, and minimum lot size regulations there are unnecessarily restrictions on alternative, if not just exploratory, ideas about the way communities can be structured, restructured, and constructed. .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 , .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .postImageUrl , .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 , .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:hover , .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:visited , .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:active { border:0!important; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:active , .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4 .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u00e8cdea892e697aa0364500917603a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Biff is the antithesis of Bernard EssayConclusionThe benefits of urban consolidation will be achieved only if the elements upon which it is composed seek to benefit all of whom it will affect. Appropriating issues is clearly not a substitute for participatory community involvement. It, and other such short-term time and money conservation techniques, will ultimately cost the nation dearly if community concern, communication, and faith are abandoned for resentment and protest. We must avoid exaggeration, and prejudice over questions involving social planning, and through the proponents of ecologically sustainable development and a increased social conscious, and actively pr omote the discontent towards knowing the price of everything, and the value of nothing (Wilde). Urban consolidation may well be the container of urban sprawl, but only if it rises above the rhetoric and market-driven ideologies. BibliographyAlexander, I. (1998), Community Action and Urban Sustainability: Hope for the Millennium? Urban Policy and Research, Vol. 16, No. 2, pages 107-116. Anderson, G. ; Tregoning, H. (1998), Smart Growth in Our Future, ULI the Urban Land Institute. ULI on the Future: Smart Growth. Pages 4-11. Apps, P. (1977), Is There a Wider Role for the Architect in Housing? Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 54-55. Australian Institute of Urban Studies Homeswest (1991), Urban Consolidation Myths and Realities, Proceedings of Division Annual Conference Seminar held at Belmont, WA, on 6th and 7th June, 1991. Beckwith, J.A. (1998), The Role of Caravan Parks in Meeting the Housing Needs of the Aged Urban Policy and Research, Vol.16. No. 2, pages 131-137. Bourke, J.M. (1977), Public Housing A Unique Architectural Challenge Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 63-65. Brisbane City Council (1996), TravelSmart: A Traffic Reduction Strategy for Brisbane. Cawte, J.E. ; Owen, S.E.M. (1977), Medical Effects of Concentrated Living Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 77-79. Community Information Services: Department of Housing and Urban Development. (1993), Social Policy Aspects of Urban Development, Prepared for the Project on Social Considerations in Urban Planning. Danielsen, K.A. Lang, R.E. (1998), The Case for Higher-Density Housing: A Key to Smart Growth? ULI the Urban Land Institute. ULI on the Future: Smart Growth. Pages 20-27. Engwight, D. (1992), Towards an ECO-CITY: Calming the Traffic, Sydney: Envirobook. Fenna, A. (1998), Introduction to Australian Public Policy, Australia: Addison Wesley Longman Australia Pty Limited. Frieden, B.J. ; Sagalyn, L.B. (1991), Downtown, Inc.: How America rebuilds cities, Cambridge (Mass): The MIT Press. Girling, C.L. (1994), Yard, Street, Park: the design of suburban open space, New York: John Wiley ; Sons, Inc. Gordon, A. ; Suzuki, D. (1990), Its a Matter of Survival, North Sydney: Allen Unwin Australia Pty Ltd. Hill, D.M. (1994), Citizens and Cities: Urban Policy in the 1990s, Sydney: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Imrie, R.F. ; Thomas, H. (), Constraints and Conflict in Urban Redevelopment, Jackson, J.T. (1998), Centrality on the Fringe: A Reassessment of Planning Orthodoxy Urban Policy and Research, Vol. 16. No. 1, pages -20. Jakubowicz, A. (1977), Some Aspects of the Sociology of Housing Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 74-76. Johnson, L. (1977), Professional ReticenceA Challenge? Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 56-57. Johnson, L.C. (1994), Suburban Dreaming: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Australian Cities, Victoria: Deakin University Press. Kilby, C. (1990), Lenvironment Urbain: Quelles Politiques pour les annee 1990?, Report prepared for the OECD Group on Urban Affairs. King, R. (1977), Do We Have a National Housing Policy? Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 60-62. Kirk, G. (1980), Urban Planning in a Capitalist Society, London: Croom Helm LondonLawrence, R. (1977), Living High Architecture in ustralia, June 1977. Pages 66-68. Mack, E. (1977), Nuremburg Shazam or Development Controls Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 69-72. McLoughlin, B. (1991), Urban Consolidation and Urban Sprawl: A Question of Density Urban Policy and Research, Vol. 9, No. 3, pages 48-156. Moriarty, P. (1996), Can Urban Density Explain Personal Travel Levels? Urban Policy and Research, Vol.14, No. 2, pages 109-117. Oc, T. Tiesdell, S. (1997), Safer City Centres: Reviving the Public Realm, London: Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd. Petrulis, P. Brock, A. (1998), Government, Business Society (2nd ed.), Sydney: Prentice Hall of Australia Pty Ltd. Regional Coordination Committee. (1998), SouthEast Queensland regional Framework for Growth Management 1998, SEQ2001. Regional Planning Advisory Group. (1993), Human Services Infrastructure: A Draft Policy Paper of the SEQ 2001 Project. Roseth, J. (1991), The Case for Urban Consolidation Architecture Australia, No 80, March 1991, page 30-33. Sandercock, L. ; Berry, M. (1983), Urban Political Economy: The Australian Case, Sydney: George, Allen ; Unwin. Stevenson, D. (1999), Agendas in Place: Urban and Cultural Planning for Cities and Regions, Rural Social and Economic Research Centre: entral Queensland University Press. Stretton, H. (1996), Poor laws of 1834 and 1996, Quadrant, Dec 1996, pages 9-8. Stretton, H. (1975), Ideas for Australian Cities (2nd ed.), Melbourne: Georgian House. Stretton, H. (1991), The Consolidation Problem, Architecture Australia, No 80, March 1991, page 27-29. Troy, P. (1998), The New Feudalism Urban Futures Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2, pages 36-44. TTM Consulting Pty Ltd. (1996), Coomera Charrette Planning Study 1995, Report prepared for the Gold Coast City Council. Urban Renewal Task Force, (1997), Brisbane Urban Renewal 1997 Report: Revitalising the Inner North-East, Report prepared for the Brisbane City Council. Westwood, S. Williams, J. (1997), Imagining Cities: scripts, signs, memory, Great Britain: Routledge. Wienholt, L.J. (1977), Housing for the Aged Architecture in Australia, June 1977. Pages 58-59.

Projectification in Strategic Business Management

Projectification in Strategic Business Management Initial roots of project management application trace into the sectors of manufacturing, military and construction (Brown, 2007, p.1). Project management evolved as a tactical instrument to assist the carrying out of individual projects and programs, such as construction of new building facility, execute new hardware or software initiatives (Wessels, 2007, p.1).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Projectification in Strategic Business Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Formal frameworks for project application as a tool for large military organization efficacy were applied in the 1950’s (Brown, 2007). Some of these early works in project management were published in 1954.The traditional project management practice involved operational performance and achieving set time and goals. It involved a process of building consensus on objectives and obtaining buy-in from organization management and its employees (Wessels, 2007). The management by objectives dealt with description of objectives and drawing timeframes for their fulfillment and evaluation. In the contemporary world organizational challenges and the evolution of cutthroat competition has driven project management into a new paradigm shift (Shenhar et al. 2000). Strategic orientation of the business outfit is at the heart of prosperity in the modern industrial society. According to Shenhar et al. (2000), project strategy fuses the organizational outfit and the traditional project plan (p.1). It allows the organization to achieve strategic objectives such as venturing into new markets, increasing revenues, cutting down organizational costs and providing shareholder with greater value for investments through better returns, among others. Firms face day-to-day decision making hurdles in order for them to stay significant within their lines of operations (Rumelt et al., 1991). Project management has proven to be useful ta ctical tool for executing project outfits (Wessels, 2007). Projects are essential to the development and continued existence of organization in today’s world. They give in return value for investment through improved business operations.Advertising Looking for critical writing on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Projects provide a strong tool for creating new products for the market and enable the organization to acclimatize with changes occurring within the market environment (Wessels, 2007). Some of the organizational solutions that strategic project management would bring on board include package the organization needs based on vision and mission as well as understand capacity to field project teams to effect change. In addition, provide criteria for investing on the best project in terms of value addition for the organization, eliminate any weakness areas that may face the project as wel l as provide a perpetual assessment and evaluation scheme for project investment. Executing strategic process involves two levels of engagement: formulation and implementation. Much of the information on strategic process has narrowed into the aspects of strategic formulation visvis strategy implementation. For successful achievement of organizational project intentions, there is need for effective and efficient implementation structures. These structures include components of information systems and relationship that advances implementation and execution of subdivided activities. Among the more significant conditions for the successful implementation of strategy is to make sure that decisions made by managerial staff are consistent with the organization’s goals and objectives. The test of triumphant strategic management is anchored in managing the pressure that exists between creative modernism and predictable aim achievement. This tension occurs by integrating boundless opp ortunities with managers’ limited interest; implementing with parallelism the top-down strategies as well as bottom-up strategies with objectivity; creating indicators in the environment while maintaining innovativeness and controlling actions while simultaneously allowing the organization to gain creativity and innovative ideas. The four elements that need to be delineated within the project strategy include product labeling and establishing its competitive advantage, business perspective, the project extremes and strategic focus (Shenhar et al., 2000). Product labeling and establishing its competitive advantage forms the initial base on which to built strategy, define terms and outline plan (Shenhar et al., 2000).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Projectification in Strategic Business Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is the basic component of every product generated from the projec t. Project product deals with developing the product parts and product life. This brings on board the aspect of competitive advantage (Shenhar et al., 2000). While some projects may last for a while, the product may remain for a longer period. The project product is tailored to make more gains than project. The fundamental blocks of product definition are objectives, competitive advantage and value, product vision, product type, cost effectiveness, product characteristics and project scope (Shenhar et al., 2000). The objective describes the initial motivation for having and requiring the product. Initial steps in defining the objective involve identifying the buyer, client and the potential consumer of the product (Shenhar et al., 2000). There should be a framework to clarify what they need? What would help them? In addition, how to address the needs of target groups sufficiently, through the product in question (Shenhar et al., 2000). Product vision stipulates the product value and a brief description of the competitive advantage. The vision should be stated with clarity and use of emotional terms. The product vision is meant to provide the product some market impetus. Classifying product type is an essential step in product definition (Shenhar et al., 2000). Product definition will articulate the perspectives: how well is the market versed to the product and product complexity. The cost effectiveness of the product element is the gauge showing relation the product performance has with product cost (Shenhar et al., 2000). Product appearance element describes the technical and functional qualities manifested by the product. This profiles the product in terms of acquisition cost, operation cost, ease of use, dependability, maintainability, serviceability, compatibility and so on (Shenhar et al., 2000). In addition, it details the product functions, activities which the product can do and the various in which the product can be customized efficiently (Shenhar et al., 2000). Product characteristics detail the technical specifications defining the product. Business perspective expounds the product expectations on what it will achieve and what the organization anticipate it will do (Shenhar et al., 2000).Advertising Looking for critical writing on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The perspective aspect details the transactional requirements and potential market achievement of the product. Additional information that can be added to the perspective is the projected sales and progressive trend for a specified period (Shenhar et al., 2000). Project scope definition delineates boundary for the work, which needs to be done and to categorize the project type. This stipulates the outcome of the project, the work to be done as well as what closely relates to the project that will not be included into the project (Shenhar et al., 2000). Project scope provides the structural breakdown of the project. Project type has four-dimensional perspectives: market uncertainty, pace, technological uncertainty and organizational complexity (Shenhar et al., 2000). There is need to stipulate for each project its style and strategy (Shenhar et al., 2000). Strategic focus is meant to create the mindset and course of action for behavior in order to achieve product competitiveness and value addition. The appropriate strategic focus is streamlined to give a competitive advantage based on guidelines for the project management (Yeo, 2002). Thus, achieving activity orientation and create conditions that makes the competitive advantage a reality. Factors that shape the project complexity within the information systems include how well is the product marketing tools achieving the sales objective, what is the spatial coverage of the sales mission and how will the sales process integrate the customer desires (Shenhar et al., 2000). Moreover, how well is the organization equipped to foster the achievement of the sales objective as well as what is the structure in place for coordination. Generics of project strategies entail advantage in cost, time and product as well as customer focuses. In terms of cost advantage, the product should achieve cost effectiveness; ensure that the project product makes some savings in every step of the process. Cost indicators and constant sc reening are important in achieving the cot advantage. The time advantage gives the product a distinction of demand with other like products in the markets. This advantage defies time constraints such as delay and efficiency in process flow. Time advantage is achieved through implementing short-term plans that may overlap along the process chains. Product advantage is meant to achieve the quality of the brand for the product. This advantage markets the unique competitive features of the product. This is achieved through constant revisiting of product quality and performance. Customer focus functions to serve specific customer needs. This is based on the understanding of customers’ taste, behavior and ways in which their problems would be solved. According to Rumelt et al. (1991), five forces link economic perspective to research program for strategic management. These are the need to interpret performance data; the experience curve; the organization challenge of perpetuity of profit making; the evolutionary nature of economics as well as advancement of business economics in the academia (Rumelt et al., 1991). These forces undergo day-to-day reconfiguration and each continuously faces the practical and intellectual challenges. Among the important decision support tools for achieving strategic management in organization is the balanced score card (Martinsons et al., 1999). Many business managers supplement financial auditing data with goal related aspects. This is the bases of the concept of a scorecard. These are meant the corporate achievement through focusing on the organization’s client, inbuilt business systems as well as learning and advancement. The scorecard concept I tailored for managing business functions, structure organizational functional cells and personal projects. Organizations adopt the concept of the scorecard to align their operations to new strategies while necessitating the need for cost saving, advancing the goal creating more opportunities and customer base as well as value adding the products of the organization. Martinsons et al. (1999) stipulate the guidelines for information systems in an organization. There is need to raise awareness among the managerial staff especially regarding the information system. The organization has to accumulate and interpret data on the following: corporate strategy, the organization’s specific objectives related to the information the system to be build. The organization should provide the potential metrics related to the balanced IS scorecard perspectives. The organization should evidently define the specific objectives and goals of the information system docket and its functions. Prepare a guiding framework for receiving comments on the scorecard for the information system and appropriately make the recommendations functional. The scorecard developers should strike agreement with the organization management on its adoption. Promulgate the scorecard to the relev ant stakeholders. The scorecard should exhibit harmony between the corporate level strategy and the information systems strategy as well as have well-specified goals that relate both. Strategies within the project framework that may be implemented in dealing with complexity include technical composition of the project team based on the required skills, incorporating the consultants and venders to enhance the project existing expertise as well as organization’s team bonding through meetings and appraising the progress made. Responsibilities of a project manager entail ensure development as defined within the metrics, outlining feasible threats of the project, ensure advancement toward deliverables within time and resource constraints, supervising meetings as well as negotiating for resources meant for the project implementation. Strategic factor markets are the markets from which the project manager gets the materials and resources required to implement the strategies agreed o n. In doing an analysis of the monitory expenditure of implementing project strategies, a project manager has to consider whether strategic factor markets are in favor of the implementing the strategies. To ascertain whether these markets are favorable to implement the strategies adopted one condition has to be satisfied. The condition is that, the cost of the resources must be almost the same as the economic value of them after they are used in the implementation (Barney, 1986). Imperfect competition in a strategic factor market arises when firms involved express dissimilar expectations as regards to the value of a given strategic resource. Imperfect completion in turn can result in a firm obtaining above standard economic performance form a given combination of strategic resources and the corresponding implementation strategies (Barney, 1986). Dissimilar expectations of firms on the economic value of strategic resources can be associated or linked to other imperfections of strateg ic factor markets. The first of these imperfections is a single firm controlling all the needed resources for implementing a strategy (Barney, 1986). The second imperfection arises when a single firm controlling all the unique resources for implementing a strategy. The third imperfection arises when implementation of a particular strategy attracts only a small number of firms. The fourth imperfection is because of a group of firms or just a single firm having access to cheaper capital than the rest (Midler, 1995). To develop better expectations to counter imperfectness in strategic markets firms have to do an analysis of two aspects. The first aspect is the competitive environment they are in and the second is the skills and capabilities unique to the firm. Of these two however, expectations that are more accurate are a product of the analysis done on the second aspect. Project management in an organization set up may face intricacies. The technical head in a strategic project manag ement setting may be derailed into politics of adopting projects from lower project management level by preference rather than by constructive merit. The technical head in most cases fails in this way because of lack of comprehensive consultation, guidance and support between decision makers at different level of handling projects. Information cascading may result to forgoing of the better project option. The competitive nature of project bidding may be the requisite recipe for the project options succumbing to politics. The technical bench of strategic project management should exhibit acumen and discerning ability in decision-making process well above the traditional project management in order to achieve successfully set overall organizational goals. Strategy building may constantly be dynamic and progressive thus needs adaptive, rigor and vigor in thinking and approach. There should be project leadership and proactive team play driven by efficiency and efficacy on the project re sponsibility. While this may be prudent at strategy planning stage, implementation stage may be characterized by inefficiency or ineffectiveness. In order to achieve to achieve efficiency and efficacy in project strategy ample time and adequate resources are required. For progressive value, addition from the strategic positions taken by technical team may require enhancement training. Renault adopted the project model to enhance results based on management of time, product quality as well as cost control (Midler, 1995). Their approach was to apply skills on department strategies while lowering the powers of the overseeing project coordinator. This was less effective in the operations. This revealed that in the automobile industry project based management especially in the Western world were less competitive than their peers in Asia continent were (Midler, 1995). Japanese automobile production management have proved to be competitive than the project management approach of the Wester n world. Renault’s project management was developed to enhance the organization’s financial situation in the short term and this proved ineffective (Midler, 1995). The project models have a high degree of irreversibility in decision-making process from lower ranks upstream than vice versa. This makes it difficult for those at the implementation level (low rank players) to make direct improvement on the project yet they are well versed with project products. The knowledge of the project product reduces from lower to higher ranks. The degree of freedom of maneuvering the project improves in the opposite direction. Another project limitation is that of sustaining progress when there is a changeover of project team. The project process requires build up of project knowledge and skill throughout. When project players involved at the beginning are meant to hand over to another team to complete the remaining part, indication are that the project may be at risk. This is becaus e it is likely whether the incoming team may understand give and takes as well as trade-offs by the initial team. Actually, there is a fear that they may not fully commit themselves on what had been agreed upon by the other group. How the standards of the project progress are applied, need constant revision; it is misguiding to consider that project players will seek to the conventionally accepted project criteria if they are themselves are scrutinized independently based on criteria only partially associated with their work. Take for instance a car-manufacturing firm with several different models being worked on at different plants of the project. In such a case, the upstream involvement of plants on the project assessment of the performance of the each plant could be arrived proportional to the number of the personnel. In this setting, support staff indirectly involved in the project (e.g. the supervisor) may be overlooked in the completion of a project product (a release of a new car model) especially in the project productivity indicator (Porter, 1982). The interest in the concept of strategic management is on the surge (Artto Dietrich, 2002; Dolby, 2008). The degree in which the managing of project strategy makes a value addition to the organization interests proves its worth in terms competitiveness. Thus, need for clarity when describing and executing the strategy’s objectives for a particular project. Describing the best strategy (e.g. product strategy) for the project at the initial stage and marrying it with the larger business strategy gives impetus to achieving success. There is need for mastery in how the organization seeks to state their project strategies in order to give it a competitive edge above other products that are within the market. The economic performance of firms does not rely solely on market success, but also, on the cost of achieving the contents of the strategy. In scenarios where the cost of implementing the strategy is higher than the benefits accrued out of it, then the performance of the strategy efforts are below economic expectations. Artto, K., Dietrich, P. H., 2002. Strategic business management through multiple projects. The Wiley Guide to Project, Program Portfolio Management, Web. Available at: http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/54/04702268/0470226854.pdf . Dolby, Nadine, 2008. Research in youth culture and policy: current conditions and future directions. Social Work and Society, Web. 6 (2), Available at: socwork.net/2008/2/special_issue/dolby . Barney, Jay, 1986. Strategic factor markets: expectations, luck, and business strategy. Management Science, Web. Available at: xbzhu.cn/jlq/UpFile/UpAttachment/2008-4/200841410132.pdf . Brown, Erick, 2007. Strategic project management, Web. Available at: http://ericbrown.com/docs/StrategicProjectManagement.pdf . Martinsons, M., Davison, R., Tse, D., 1999. The balanced scorecard: a foundation for the strategic management of inf ormation systems. Scandinavian Journal of Management, [Online], pp. 71–88. Available at: imamu.edu.sa/Scientific_selections/abstracts/Abstract%20%20IT%20%203/The%20balanced%20scorecard%20-%20a%20foundation%20for%20the%20strategic%20management%20of%20information%20systems.pdf . Midler, Christophe, 1995. Projectification of the firm, the Renault case. Scandinavian Journal of Management, [Online], 11 (4), pp. 363-375. Available at: http://crg.polytechnique.fr/v2/fic/Innovation_Projectification.pdf . Porter, Michael E., 1982. The contributions of industrial organization to strategic management. The Academy of Management Review, [Online], 6 (4), pp. 609-620. Available at: http://faculty.fuqua.duke.edu/~willm/Classes/PhD/PhD_2007-2008/Papers/c06/Porter_AMR.pdf . Rumelt, R. P., Schendel, D., Teece, D. J., 1991. Precis of strategic management and economics. Strategic Management Journal 12, pp. 5-29. Available at: anderson.ucla.edu/faculty/dick.rumelt/Docs/Papers/rst_precis.pdf . She nhar, A. J., Poli, M., Lechler, T., 2000. A new framework for strategic project management. Stevens Institute of Technology, Web. Available at: iamot.org/paperarchive/101B.PDF . Wessels, Deborah, 2007. The strategic role of project management. PM World Today, [Online], IX (II). Available at: pmforum.org/library/papers/2007/PDFs/Wessels-2-07.pdf . Yeo, K. T., 2002. Critical failure factors in information system projects. International Journal of Project Management, [Online], 20. Pp. 241-246. Available at: uncg.edu/bae/people/amoako/ISM654/reading_%233.pdf.

Domestic Violence Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Domestic Violence Issues - Essay Example the manifestations of violence within what should be a loving relationship to fully understand the horror to which victims are subjected and the need for adequate protection to be provided by both the civil and the criminal justice systems. Perpetrators and Victims Domestic violence is conceived of primarily as a problem of men's abuse of women. Although researchers have documented abuse within same sex relationships4 and although there is evidence that, in a comparatively small number of cases, women abuse men5, the available research suggests that domestic violence is overwhelmingly directed by men against women6. The prior relationship between victims and defendants is most apparent in crimes against women. Men are more likely then women to experience violent victimization. But the nature of these events differs greatly. Women are about six times more likely than men to experience violence committed by an intimate. The prior relationship between victim and offender causes particular problems for law enforcement officials in the area of domestic violence. Domestic Violence: Literary Review Violence in the context of intimate relationships encapsulates may types of abuse: emotional/psychological, physical, sexual and economic. Such abuse can occur within married, separated and divorced relationships or among single people living together or simply dating one another. Many enduring and dysfunctional aspects contribute to the violence that occurs, so it is important to examine how abusive episodes emerge within the context of the ongoing relationship. Of all the crimes reported to the British Crime Survey in 2000, more than 1 in 20 was classified as domestic violence. Survey reports of...A. Stanko (1989), 'Policing Men's Violence: An Introduction' in J. Hanmer, J. Radford and E. A. Stanko (eds), Women, Policing and Male Violence: International Perspectives, London and New York, Routledge Cook, B., David, F. & Grant, A. 1999, Victims' Needs, Victims' Rights: Policies and programs for victims of crime in Australia, Research and Public Policy Series No. 19, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra.

Poetry books Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Poetry books - Essay Example The â€Å"Short Charter of Christ† employs a number of imageries which centrally focus on the development of the grand-imagery of crucified Christ. This imagery of the crucified body of Christ further conveys a holistic abstraction of Christ’s physical sufferings in exchange for the salvation of humanity. On the contrary, the image of the charter visualizes this grand metaphor through the triadic relationship among â€Å"signs†, â€Å"interpreters† and â€Å"ideas† which those signs are intended to convey to the audiences or readers. The scribe of this image has effectively employed a number of signs of physical sufferings such as five wounds, the nails, the â€Å"scourges of his attackers†, stains of blood, bones and skulls, etc. to conjure up Christ’s sufferings and to convey his pains to the readers. Through these symbols, he has attempted to visualize spatiotemporal settings of Jesus’ crucifixion in the mage, while the poem uses various imageries develop the traditional Christian concepts of humankind’s salvation and liberation through Christ’s suffering on the Holy Cross. Indeed, during the medieval period, it was a literary tradition of referring to Christ’s Last Will in Manuscripts. But some of the charters of Christ had been produced in the form of legal documents. In these charters, the scribes would make sincere effort to convey a sense of legality of the documents to the readers. Therefore, the scribes had to apply a number of techniques in this regard. These techniques include literary-visual binary techniques of presentation of the theme. While presenting the theme of the documents they would attempt to instill the spatiotemporal dimension of their subject matter. Necessarily, they had to assume the persona of Christ in their manuscripts. While Christ’s persona was worked out through linguistic strategy of using the first person perspective in the presentation of th e literary content, images were used to illustrate and visualize Christ’s figure. These pictorial presentations of Christ would more or less commonly uphold him in the posture of delivering sermon to his disciples. In this regard, it can be said that the pictorial presentation of Christ’s persona in the â€Å"Short Charter of Christ† is somewhat different from this tradition. Instead, the scribe of the â€Å"Short Charter† has adapted and elaborated the image of crucified Christ to visualize the theme of the poem. The â€Å"Short Charter of Christ†, had been written as a legal document in which Christ grants humankind the liberation and redemption from sins. This charter has a root in the medieval practice of writing religious documents in parchments. More specifically, this is the imitation of Christ’s Last Will and Testament. In order to work out the spatiotemporal dimension of Christ’s physical sufferings, the scribe has endeavored to convey the sense of Christ’s physical sufferings through the images of the cross, crucified Christ and other elements needed in the process of crucifixion. These symbols and images of crucified Christ nailed on the cross are sufficient enough to work out the realities which Christ himself faced. But in order to validate the legal dimension of the texts, those medieval script-writers would manipulate the imagery of Christ’s skin extended to serve as a parchment on which Christ’

AFA event Alm3a8en Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AFA event Alm3a8en - Essay Example This is important in facilitation of ease of communication. Such auxiliary aids are always given even to the deaf to ease communication. Some of these aids involve the use of interpreters as well as other hearing devices. These include the captions, text telephone systems as well as assistive learning systems. These auxiliary aids as well as the interpreters are always offered to the disabled people free of charge. Some of the accommodation and public access facilities offered by ADA to the people with disabilities include the lodgings as well as health and exercise business areas. These include places like hotels, public conferences as well as entertainment rooms. ADA ensures that the charter bus services cater for the disabled persons through allowing for accessible buses. In addition, it liaises with the insurance companies provide the persons with disabilities with automobile insurances. ADA serves to ensure that government avails the disabled persons with free auxiliary aids. In addition, it ensures that the government agencies provide the disabled with the necessary services. This is done regardless of any relationship that may exist between the individual and the people with disabilities. ADA always ensures that employers provide necessary accommodation services to employees whenever they are declared disabled. The employer may do the declaration of disability on an employee anytime. This may be very beneficial to the disabled employee as well as the employer. This is because the employer may get federal tax credit as well as federal tax deduction from the government following such decisions involving helping the disabled

The Determinants Of Diabetes Health And Social Care Essay

The Determinants Of Diabetes Health And Social Care Essay Diabetes affects over 3 million adults in Australia alone-of which 90% is type 2 (Baricevic, 2007) non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM-for the sake of this essay diabetes is referring to type 2 NIDDM). There are numerous biological and socioeconomic determinants of the disease which has developed into Australias fastest growing chronic disease. Whilst it is often considered a lifestyle disease (Scobie Samaras, 2009) this is a common misunderstanding with many other contributing factors such as genetics, the environment and economic circumstances. Whilst much research has gone into the management/treatment of diabetes, work on addressing the upstream determinants has begun. Physiotherapists play a vital role in the prevention and treatment of the condition with them often prescribing exercise programs for diabetic patients. Diabetes results from a total or partial insulin deficiency, resulting in hypoglycaemia. This deficiency prevents glucose movement between the blood and cells, creating a build-up of glucose in the bloodstream. As a result of the hypoglycaemia, several key symptoms are present including blurred vision; increased healing times; unexplained weight gain; increased passing of urine; thirstiness; tiredness and dizziness. In 2010 diabetes accounted for 6.6% of Australias total burdens of disease and has been identified as one of the eight national health priorities (AIHW, 2010). Section 1 Hamdy, Goodyear, Horton (2004) contend that there are three key contributing factors to the onset of diabetes. These include genetic predisposition, decreased insulin action and a defect in the pancreatic ÃŽÂ ² cell. However the most well-known biological and behavioural determinants of the condition relate to obesity with the relative risk being 1.8 for an overweight person and a staggering 3.2 for obese people (Marks, Coyne, Pang, 2001). Weight related determinants include obesity (morbid and moderate), sedentary lifestyle, poor diet and low levels of physical activity (Ramlo-Halsted Edelman, 1999). Hamdy, Goodyear Horton (2004) suggest the primary reason for such societal changes leading to the dramatic rises in the rates of both obesity and more so diabetes is urbanisation. They suggest that the recent world-wide urbanisation and increase in technology has created a society where traditional incidental forms of exercise have been alleviated in favour of technology and the advances that it has facilitated. Ethnic groups have particularly been affected by these changes with their traditional forms of life transformed as they too are impacted by globalisation. An example of such a group in Australia is the Indigenous Australians. As with nearly all areas of health, they are severely over represented in the percent suffering from diabetes. __________ Other factors contributing to the onset of the disease include older age, Section 2 Despite these factors being well documented as some of the primary causes of diabetes, Scobie Samaras (2009) argue that these factors accelerate the onset rather than being the primary cause. -biological/behavioural determinants of health Age Genetic background-parental history -groups at particular risk: Elderly People with a family history Certain ethnic groups (eg Aboriginal Australians) Low SES Section 2 (link back in with individual determinants) -Factors such as poverty, poor education, social exclusion, unemployment and lack of or poor quality housing all contribute to health inequalities. -socioeconomic determinants of health PolicyÆ’Â  PA levels in schools, NPAG, education CommunityÆ’Â  access to parks/paths EnvironmentalÆ’Â  safety, access to fresh food SocietalÆ’Â   urbanisation and increase in technology = down incidental exercise EconomicÆ’Â  employment/occupation, income, wealth Section 3 Traditionally treatment of diabetes has focused on the downstream factors, with the focus being at an individual level. Exercise and weight loss are key aspects of the treatment, given that ________. Exercise alone leads to a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity (Misra, et al., 2008). In line with the National Physical Activity Guidelines (Department of Health and Ageing, 2010), it is recommended that individuals participate in at least 30 min of walking 5 days per week. The guidelines highlight four key points for all adults regarding physical activity, with these being particularly important for people with diabetes. They are: Think of movement as an opportunity, not an inconvenience Be active every day in as many ways as you can Put together at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity on most, preferably all, days If you can, also enjoy some regular, vigorous activity for extra health and fitness (Department of Health and Ageing, 2010) In conjunction with exercise, a healthy diet is essential for the effective treatment of diabetes (DA Victoria, 2002). This has been proven to have the single greatest natural impact on blood glucose levels; as well as aiding weight loss and decreasing insulin resistance. Foods should not be limited to low GI, with a diet focussed on high protein (such as fish and low fat dairy); high carbohydrates (such as pasta, bread and fruit) and low saturated fat/sugar (Baricevic, 2007). The AIHW (2010) suggests that the most appropriate method of treatment is initially through diet and exercise, progressing only later to medication. Diabetes medication primarily acts to help regulate the blood glucose levels. Given that with this condition insulin is unable to effectively function, it becomes important to have a way to regulate blood sugar. The normal range is 3.5-6 mmol/L prior to meals and 3.5-8mmol/L directly afterwards (DA Victoria, 2002). Glucose management is very important to keep the risk of cardiovascular disease down, and without regulation the person may suffer from hypo/hyperglycemia. That said, Ramlo-Halsted Edelman (1999) point out that the optimal regimen particularly for medication will change for each individual as the condition progresses. There are two different options for medication-tablets or insulin injections. The tablets are taken orally and decrease the release of stored glucose in the liver, keeping blood sugar levels down. In contrast, i nsulin injections come in the form of a needle (syringe) or a pen and are used when the pancreas is unable to produce the required amounts of insulin (Baricevic, 2007). Diabetes, as with many health conditions, requires a multi-disciplinary team for successful treatment and management. Diabetes Management in General Practise (2009) describes the roles of at least eight different team members in the treatment of diabetes. These include: General practitioner Exercise specialist (commonly a physiotherapist) Podiatrist Optometrist Oral health professional Diabetes educator (nurses etc) Dietician Endocrinologist/diabetologist Whilst not all of these health professionals will necessarily be involved in every individuals treatment, the teams cooperation is vital for long-term treatment. To help with individual treatment of diabetes, the Australian Government has established the National Diabetes Services Scheme (NDSS). The program has in excess of 900 000 registered people with diabetes and is continuing to grow. There are several key elements of the scheme with subsidised products and information as well as education. Through this program, there are 2200 outlets which supply discounted products for treatment to the registrants. Whilst treatment is very common, alongside it is an extensive management plan. DA Victoria (2002) describes several aspects to proper management. Aside from being physically active and eating well as previously mentioned, it is preferable for a diabetic to link up with a local support team for help, support and to maintain a positive attitude. Additionally testing blood glucose regularly and medicating appropriately as prescribed is also important. Diabetes Management in General Practise (2009) also emphasises the need to quit smoking (if applicable), have less than two standard drinks per day and ensure BMI (body mass index) in less than 25 to achieve general wellbeing. Hawley Zierath (2008) also outline the importance of minimising the risks and effects of complications. They state that this can be achieved through controlling glycaemia, blood pressure and lipid levels; in conjunction with regular health checks (focussing on eye, kidney and foot problems). Section 4 Prevention of diabetes is an absolute priority especially when over 60% of type 2 cases are preventable. With diabetes being the 7th leading cause of death in Australia (AIHW, 2010), there is no question why the Australian Government has made the condition a national health priority. According to Weeson (2000), upstream treatment by primary health professionals should be the focus of all approaches. These upstream factors include______________. Simple steps can easily help prevent or delay the onset of diabetes (Type 2 Diabetes, 2011) through implementing a healthy lifestyle. Diabetes Australia encourages individuals to maintain a healthy weight, participate in regular physical activity, eat healthy food, manage blood pressure/cholesterol and not smoke, to decrease the onset of the condition (Type 2 Diabetes, 2011). There is a very strong link between physical activity and diabetes as previously mentioned, however it should benoted that participation in a moderate or preferably brisk walking regimen can decrease the incidence of diabetes by 30% (Jeon, Lokken, van Dam, 2007). Furthermore Jeon, Lokken van Dam (2007) describe this strong relationship saying that there is also a link between the amount of physical activity and the reduction of risk-an amazing 58% decrease in the incidence of prediabetes can be achieved through exercise previously stated. Zimmet (2000) emphasises that diabetes cannot be stooped by traditional medical approaches. Given the scale and enormity of the issue, he contends that drastic socioeconomic and cultural status changes are required to make progress. Zimmet (2000) says that international diabetes and public health organisation need to lobby and mobilise politicians and non-government agencies. Through this, the issues causing the pandemic (socioeconomic, behavioural, nutritional and public health) can be addressed. A multi-disciplinary task force is suggested to aid in the reversal of the socioeconomic issues, as Zimmet feels that individuals alone acting to change will not make a big enough difference (Zimmet, 2000). The National Evidence Based Guidelines for the Primary Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes (Colagiuri, Girgis, Gomez, Walker, Colagiuri, ODea, 2009) describe four key areas to creating effective preventative action for diabetes. These include: Having a strong theoretic base for the program Designing the program with clear messages, incorporating a multifaceted approach to deliver these messages Encouraging family involvement Intensive and sustained campaign over a long duration The guidelines also discuss the facets within the broader community that should be targeted for prevention of the condition. One of the central elements to effectively targeting the population is education (Colagiuri, Girgis, Gomez, Walker, Colagiuri, ODea, 2009). Through media, the guidelines propose that the education can change attitudes as well as levels of knowledge. This can have a particularly profound impact on the short term increase in physical activity. This was seen in the Life be in it___________ In terms of prevention for individuals, the guidelines also provided several points specifically targeting those in the risk groups. The guidelines (Colagiuri, Girgis, Gomez, Walker, Colagiuri, ODea, 2009) specify individuals at particular risk as having a score greater than or equal to 15 on the AUSDRISK risk assessment tool. There are three levels of action to prevent the onset of diabetes. Initially lifestyle modifications such as weight management, progressing to pharmacological interventions where necessary and in cases with severe risk bariatric surgery may be considered. Furthering the treatment dietary considerations previously mentioned, in order to prevent diabetes sugar-sweetened drinks have been identified with fast food as items that pose the largest threat of inducing diabetes (Hu, van Dam, Liu , 2001). Fish oil and polyunsaturated fats have also been proven to help with the prevention of the condition. Other -conversion from high risk to low risk lifestyle = moderate style Physiotherapists play a large role particularly in the treatment, but also the prevention of diabetes. Ozdirenc, Kocak Gutekin (2004) highlighted the importance of physiotherapy in the accurate prescription of exercise. They suggested that any exercise prescribed in the interest of decreasing complication with diabetes or preventing it should be undertaken at 65-75% of a persons VOà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ max and emphasised the necessity of a professional in such prescription. According to their study, physical exercise can lead to a significant decrease in physical impairment and provide improvements to functional limitations that the person had suffered. In contrast, they determined that low levels of activity caused a decreased cardio respiratory capacity and hence lessened ability to walk longer distances. These effects of inactivity too have the potential to be improved through the implementation of a physical activity regime (Ozdirenc, Kocak, Gutekin, 2004). Physiotherapists also p lay an important role in the prevention of diabetes through education and public health promotion. At an individual level such professionals can help their clients who are identified as being at risk (of diabetes) to make behavioural modifications to lessen their personal risks. In addition to this, physiotherapists can help their patients with diabetes develop an exercise program to aid in weight loss and improving their future prognosis. At a broader level physiotherapists can be involved in policy development and other awareness campaigns. For example the National Physical Activity Guidelines require experts and other professionals inputs to develop programs with the key elements previously mentioned such as strong theoretical bases. Conclusion -prevention must be a key focus given that -a condition that is highly amenable to primary intervention

Dont Judge a Book by the Cover Essay -- essays research papers

You Can’t Tell Many people feel that you can tell a lot about a person by observing what they wear and what they eat. This is not the case. Choice of clothing and eating habits, in no way, allow you to pass judgment on a person. Judging people based on these factors is extremely shallow. What one wears and eats in no way depicts character, behavior, or even intelligence. One simply cannot know a person by looking at them and observing what they eat. Such a thought is ridiculous.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Instead of looking at clothing and what one is eating, character should be the basis for opinion. Judging a book by the cover only leads to surprises, and in this case, judging a human by dress can lead to surprises as well. Just because a man or woman may not dress as nicely, they’re not necessarily bad or even poor. The particular individual may not care what anyone thinks. They may dress a certain way just so people will pass judgment on them, some may just want the attention. This is often the case. One’s appearance can lead to many false judgments. By saying someone is a bum because of what they eat or wear shows total ignorance. If a person did nothing to better their situation, they can be considered bums. If the person has good character and is just going through a rough time, passing judgment because of clothing and what they eat is wrong. The person one may think is a bum may be the best worker around, with the most character. Without getti ng to know a per...

Blood Promise Chapter Fourteen

The encounter with Denis left me even more confused than before. It was a shocking illustration of Mark's warning, an omen of what I too might become if I wasn't careful. I wasn't really the same as Denis, was I? I wasn't aimlessly seeking danger. I was seeking danger†¦ well, for a reason. I had to fulfill the promise I'd made to find Dimitri. Maybe it was suicidal and I was only deluding myself into thinking it was noble. Viktoria left me little opportunity to ruminate. Later that evening, as the family was settling down in the living room after way too much food, she glibly asked Olena, â€Å"Can I go over to Marina's? She's having a party before we go back to school.† Wow. It looked like Abe and the Alchemists weren't the only ones keeping secrets around here. I glanced between Olena and Viktoria's faces, curious as to how this would play out. Olena and Yeva were both knitting, but Yeva didn't look up. Viktoria had spoken in English. Olena's face turned thoughtful. â€Å"You have to leave early tomorrow to go back to school.† â€Å"I know. But I can sleep on the bus. Everyone else will be there tonight.† â€Å"? ®Everyone else' isn't a convincing argument,† scoffed Olena. â€Å"They'll all be tired tomorrow too,† replied Viktoria, grinning. â€Å"You'll miss your last night with Rose.† â€Å"I'll hang out with her after I get back.† â€Å"Great. And stay up even later.† â€Å"Not that late. I'll be back by two.† â€Å"Absolutely not. You'll be back by midnight.† Olena returned to her knitting. But that had been permission if I'd ever heard it. Viktoria looked at the clock. It was almost eight thirty. Her face told me she wasn't happy about the curfew, but she apparently decided to take what she could get. Karolina gave us an odd look as we left the room but remained silent. Sonya and Paul, engrossed in TV, barely noticed our departure. I had to find out what was going on. â€Å"Okay,† I said once we were heading upstairs, â€Å"what gives? I thought you weren't going to Marina's.† Viktoria grinned and beckoned me into her bedroom. I'd recently learned her bedroom used to be Dimitri's, and every time I was in here, I had to resist the urge to go bury myself in the bed, even though I knew the sheets had been washed countless times since those days. Somehow, I could imagine them smelling like Dimitri and feeling warm as though we were both lying there together. â€Å"I'm not.† Viktoria began rifling through her closet and pulled out a short, sleeveless red dress with lace around the straps. The fabric was stretchy -the kind that looked like it'd show everything. I was shocked when she began putting it on. It was pretty trashy. â€Å"Is this a joke?† Nope. Viktoria took off her shirt and jeans and pulled the dress on. She had no trouble with it, but it was every bit as clingy as it had appeared. She wasn't as filled out as I was on top, but in a dress like that, it didn't matter. â€Å"Okay,† I said, catching on at last. â€Å"What's his name?† â€Å"Rolan,† she said. â€Å"Oh, Rose. He's amazing. And this is the last night I'll get to see him before school.† I didn't know whether to feel happy for her or sad for Nikolai. This Rolan guy must have been the reason she couldn't give Nikolai the time of day. She was totally in love with someone else. Still, that dress†¦ â€Å"You must really like him,† I observed dryly. Her eyes widened. â€Å"Do you want to meet him?† â€Å"Er, well, I don't want to interfere with your date†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"You won't. Just stop by and say hi, okay?† It felt pretty intrusive, yet at the same time†¦ well, I was kind of curious about a guy who could get her to leave the house in that kind of outfit, particularly when she started applying really heavy makeup: extra-dark eyeliner and bright red lipstick. So I agreed to meet Rolan, and we left the house as quietly as we could. Despite wearing a coat over her dress, Viktoria still didn't want to run into her mother. We headed downtown, following a few twists and turns until we ended up behind what looked like an ordinary warehouse in an abandoned part of town. All was quiet, but a tall, tough-looking dhampir stood by a door leading into the building, his arms crossed in front of him. Viktoria brought us to a halt nearby, saying we had to wait there. A minute later, a group of Moroi men of mixed ages wandered up, chatting and laughing. The dhampir gave them a once-over and then opened the door for them. Light and music spilled out until the door shut-and all went silent again. â€Å"So this is Baia's secret dhampir world,† I murmured. She didn't hear me because suddenly, her face lit up. â€Å"There he is!† She pointed to two approaching guys. Both were Moroi. Well, who knew? Viktoria's secret boyfriend wasn't a dhampir. I guessed that wasn't too shocking, really, though the way she'd dressed tonight still bothered me. She gave him a fierce hug and introduced us. His friend was named Sergey, and he smiled politely before hurrying inside where he was apparently meeting a girl too. I had to give Viktoria credit: Rolan was hot. His hair was dark auburn, soft and wavy. The green of his eyes reminded me-painfully-of Adrian's. And when he smiled at Viktoria, it was dazzling. The look on her face was exactly like Nikolai's whenever he was around her. Rolan took a hold of Viktoria's hands and brought them to his lips, kissing each one. Those green, green eyes gazed at hers, and he murmured something I couldn't hear. She blushed and replied in Russian. I didn't need any translation to know the content was sexy and flirty. Still smiling, he glanced over at me, and although she'd introduced us, it was like he was noticing me for the first time-and was interested. â€Å"You're new here, aren't you?† he asked. Viktoria wrapped her arms around him and rested her head on his chest. â€Å"Rose is visiting. She's a friend of the family.† â€Å"Ah,† he said. â€Å"Now I remember hearing about you. I had no idea such a fierce Strigoi killer would be so beautiful.† â€Å"It's part of the job description,† I said dryly. â€Å"Will you be returning to school with Viktoria?† he asked. â€Å"No. I'll be staying here a little longer.† I still had no clue, though, if â€Å"a little longer† was one hour or one year. â€Å"Hmm,† he said thoughtfully. He looked back down at Viktoria and pressed a kiss to her hair, running his fingers along her throat. His next words were to her. â€Å"I'm glad you were able to come here before you left. I don't know how I'll get by with you so far away.† She beamed. â€Å"There was no way I could leave without seeing you one more time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She trailed off, too overcome with emotion, and as he leaned down, hand still on her throat, I thought for an awful moment that they were going to start making out then and there. Fortunately, the appearance of an approaching dhampir girl interrupted them. Viktoria broke from Rolan and embraced the other girl. They apparently hadn't seen each other in a while and chatted rapidly in Russian, ignoring Rolan and me. Free of her for a moment, he leaned toward me. â€Å"Once Viktoria has returned to school, you'll be all alone here. Maybe I could show you around then?† â€Å"Thanks, but I've already seen everything.† He kept that big smile on. â€Å"Of course. Well, then, perhaps we could simply get together and†¦ talk?† I couldn't believe it. This guy had had his hands all over Viktoria thirty seconds ago and was now trying to score plans with me the instant she left town. I was disgusted and had to restrain myself from doing something stupid. â€Å"Sorry, but I don't think I'll be around long enough.† I got the impression that women didn't refuse him very often. He frowned and started to protest, but Viktoria returned and wrapped herself around him again. He studied me for several more puzzled seconds and then shifted his attention to her, smiling and turning on the charm. She ate it all up, and while the two tried to include me in their conversation, it was clear they were totally absorbed in each other. Rolan might be interested in me, but for now, she was an easier target-and one that wouldn't be available much longer. I felt that disgust roil up in me again. The longer we stood out there, the more I realized what was going on. All the people going inside were Moroi guys or dhampir girls. And the girls were all dressed like Viktoria. This was a blood whore den. Suddenly, Baia's secret dhampir world held no appeal. I hated it. I wanted nothing more than to get out of here. No, wait. I wanted nothing more than to get out of here and drag Viktoria away, even kicking and screaming. Rolan was sleazy, no question, and I didn't want her anywhere near him. Yet it soon became clear they weren't going to stand out in the alley all night. They wanted to go inside and do God only knew what. â€Å"Viktoria,† I said, trying to be reasonable, â€Å"are you sure you don't want to come back home and hang out? I mean, I won't get to see you tomorrow.† She hesitated, then shook her head. â€Å"I won't get to see Rolan either. But I promise I'll come see you as soon as I get home later. We'll stay up all night. Mom won't care.† I didn't know what other protests to make. Rolan's impatience, now that I'd refused him, was starting to show. He wanted to go inside. I wondered what was there†¦ a dance floor? Bedrooms? I probably could have gone with them to see for myself, despite being underdressed-or, well, overdressed as far as amounts of clothing went. Yet I couldn't bring myself to do it. All my life, I'd been taught about blood whores and why their lifestyle was wrong. I didn't know if Viktoria was becoming one-and I hoped she wasn't-but there was no way I could set foot in there. It was a matter of principle. I watched them go with a heavy heart, wondering what I'd just let my friend walk into. Seeing her in that ultra-tight dress, plastered all over him, suddenly made me reevaluate everything. How much of this peaceful life in Baia was a sham? Was Viktoria-the girl who'd called me a sister really not the person I thought she was? Confused, I turned away to head back home-And almost walked into Abe. Again. â€Å"What the hell?† I exclaimed. He wore a tuxedo tonight, complete with tails and a silvery silk scarf. â€Å"Are you stalking me?† Stupid question. Of course he was. I hoped his formal wear meant he wouldn't be dragging me off this evening. His guardians were equally well dressed. Idly, I wondered if a place like this had something to do with his illegal business dealings. Was he trafficking blood whores? Like some kind of pimp? Unlikely, seeing as most of these girls didn't require much urging. Abe gave me that annoying knowing smile of his. â€Å"I see your friend is off to an interesting night. I had no idea Viktoria had such lovely legs. Now everyone knows, thanks to that dress.† I clenched my fists and leaned toward him. â€Å"Don't you dare talk about her like that, old man.† â€Å"I'm not saying anything that isn't obvious to everybody else. It'll certainly be obvious to young Rolan soon.† â€Å"You don't know anything about them!† Yet I didn't believe my own words, not after seeing them walk off together. Abe, I could tell, knew what I was thinking. â€Å"These girls all say it won't happen to them. But it always does. It's what'll happen to you if you stay.† â€Å"Oh, here we are,† I said mockingly. â€Å"I knew a threat had to be coming. The part where you order me again to leave the country or else bad, bad things will happen.† He gestured toward the door, where more Moroi and dhampirs were going. â€Å"I don't even need to make anything bad happen. You'll do it on your own by staying here. You'll waste your life away, running errands for Olena Belikova. Potlucks will become the most exciting thing in your world.† â€Å"They're good people,† I growled. â€Å"Don't mock them.† â€Å"Oh, I'm not denying that.† He straightened his silk scarf. â€Å"They are good people. But they aren't your people. This is a fantasy. You're deluding yourself.† He was all sternness now. â€Å"Your grief has sent you here. Your man was ripped away from you, and you've ripped yourself away from your old friends. You're trying to make up for it by convincing yourself that this is your family, that this is your home. They're not. This isn't.† â€Å"I could make this my home.† I still wasn't sure of that, but my stubborn nature made me want to contradict him. â€Å"You aren't meant for Baia,† he said, dark eyes blazing. â€Å"You're meant for better things. You need to go back home, back to your school and the Dragomir princess.† â€Å"How the hell do you know about her? Who are you? When are you going to tell me who you work for? What do you want with me?† I had a feeling I was on the verge of hysterics. Hearing him refer to Lissa snapped something inside of me. â€Å"I'm merely an observer who can tell you're wasting your time here. This is no life for you, Rose. Your life is back in the States. They say you were on track to be a great guardian. Do you know what an honor it is to be assigned to the last Dragomir? You could spend your life in elite, powerful circles. The reputation you've already gained will raise you in status and regard. You have a stunning career ahead of you, and it's not too late to go back to it. Not yet.† â€Å"Who are you to talk about how I should live my life? I've heard that your hands are bloody-Zmey. You're not exactly a good role model. What is it you're involved in, anyway?† â€Å"My own affairs. And it's exactly because of the life I lead that you should listen to me when I say abandon this path and go back home.† His words were urgent and authoritative, and I couldn't believe he had the audacity to talk to me like that. â€Å"That's not my life anymore,† I said icily. He gave a harsh laugh and gestured around us once more. â€Å"What, and this is? You want to go off and be a blood whore like your friend in there?† â€Å"Don't call her that!† I shouted. â€Å"I don't care if you've got bodyguards or not. I will hurt you, old man, if you say anything else about Viktoria.† He didn't flinch at my explosion. â€Å"That was harsh, I admit. She's not a blood whore. Not yet. But she's one step away from it. As I said, it always happens in the end. Even if you aren't used by someone like Rolan Kislyak-and believe me, he will use her, just like he did her sister-you'll still end up alone with a baby you're way too young for.† â€Å"Her†¦ wait.† I froze. â€Å"Are you saying he's the guy who got Sonya pregnant? Why would Viktoria be involved with him after he did that and left her sister?† â€Å"Because she doesn't know. Sonya doesn't talk about it, and Mr. Kislyak thinks it's a game, getting two sisters into bed. Too bad for him that Karolina's smarter than the others or he could have had them all. Who knows?† He gave me a sardonic smile. â€Å"Maybe he'll consider you part of the family enough to go after you next.† â€Å"Like hell. I'd never get involved with anyone like that. I'm never going to be involved with anyone again. Not after Dimitri.† Abe's sternness gave way to momentary amusement. â€Å"Oh, Rose. You are young. You've barely lived. Everyone thinks their first love is the only one they'll ever have.† This guy was really pissing me off, but I gained enough control to decide I wasn't going to punch him. At least, I didn't think so. I backed up a little, toward the building. â€Å"I'm not going to play your game here. And you can tell whoever you're working for that I'm not playing theirs either and that I'm not going back.† One way or another, whether it was to hunt Dimitri or live with his family, I was staying in Russia. â€Å"You're going to have to box me up and ship me there.† Not that I wanted to give Abe any ideas. I suspected he could do it if he wanted. Damn it. Who was behind this? Who would want to find me badly enough to send this guy after me? Weirder still, whoever it was was someone who cared enough about me to attempt reason. If Abe had actually wanted to abduct me, he already would have. He could have done it the night he brought me to Baia. All he would have had to do was keep driving to the nearest airport. I eventually needed to figure this out, but first I needed to get away from Abe. I backed up further. â€Å"I'm leaving, and you can't stop me. And don't spy on me anymore. This ends now.† Abe studied me for several seconds, his dark eyes narrowed thoughtfully. I could practically see the wheels of plots and world domination spinning in his head. At last he said, so quietly I could hardly hear him, â€Å"It won't end with them, though.† â€Å"Who?† He pointed at the door. â€Å"Viktoria and Rolan.† â€Å"What are you getting at?† â€Å"You know what I'm getting at. She thinks she's in love with him. He knows she'll be back in school tomorrow. Tonight's his last chance with her, and he won't waste it. There are lots of bedrooms in there. They're probably in one right now.† I tried to control my breathing. â€Å"Then I'll go tell her mother.† â€Å"It'll be too late. She'd never find them in time, and tomorrow, Viktoria will be on her way to school-and he'll have no interest anymore. What can her mother do after the fact? Ground her?† I was getting angry, largely because I had a feeling he was right. â€Å"Fine. Then I'll drag her off myself.† â€Å"That'll never happen. She wants to do this. She won't leave with you. Even if she did, she'd just find him again.† I eyed him. â€Å"Enough. You're obviously hinting at something, so just get on with it.† He smiled, apparently pleased at my astuteness-or maybe my bluntness. â€Å"If you want to save her, you've got to go through him. Through Rolan.† I scoffed. â€Å"Not likely. The only way he'd leave her alone is if I offered to take her place.† And hey, friendship only went so far. â€Å"Not if I talk to him.† â€Å"What are you going to do, give him a talk on morality and sway him with reason?† â€Å"Oh, I'll sway him, all right. But believe me, I won't do it with reason-well, at least not the kind you're thinking of. If I tell him to leave her alone, he'll leave her alone. For good.† I stepped backward without realizing it and hit the wall. Abe looked scary as hell. Zmey. I didn't doubt his words at all. He could get Rolan to leave Viktoria alone. In fact, he probably wouldn't even use his dhampirs. Abe could deliver enough terror-and probably a good punch-to make it happen. â€Å"Why would you do that for me?† I asked. â€Å"As a sign of good faith. Promise to leave Baia, and I'll deal with him.† His eyes gleamed. Both of us could feel the net closing around me. â€Å"That's your tactic now? You're offering me a trade? My leaving isn't really worth you scaring some Moroi asshole.† The net grew tighter. â€Å"Isn't it, Rose?† Frantically, I thought about what to do. Some part of me thought Viktoria was free to make her own choices, to love whom she wanted†¦ but I knew for a fact that Rolan didn't love her. She was a conquest for him, as shown by his willingness to go after me-and Sonya, apparently. What would happen to Viktoria? Would she become like the rest of the women here? Would she be the next Belikov to have a baby? Even if she had no intentions of becoming a guardian, this wasn't the right path for her. Karolina had declined to join the guardians and now lived a respectable life with her kids and a job that-if not exciting-was steady and allowed her to keep her dignity. I couldn't let Viktoria turn down a road that could ruin the rest of her life. I couldn't let that happen to Dimitri's sister. Dimitri†¦ I knew him. I knew his protective nature. He would never let anything happen to those he cared about. I hated the thought of that blood whore den, but I still would have run in to get her-because that was what Dimitri would have done. But I didn't know if I'd find her there in time. I knew, however, that Abe could-and that he could keep Rolan away forever. And so, I spoke without fully understanding the consequences of my words. â€Å"I'll leave Baia.†

Alexander III

â€Å"In terms of both personality and policies, Alexander Ill did not posses the qualities necessary for a successful ruler of late 19th-century Russia† – to what extent to you agree with this Judgment? Whilst the Judgment could be considered well-founded, its validity is a matter of opinion, depending on how one defines the qualities of a ‘successful ruler' of Russia in the late sass, which policies contribute to this success and what, overall, makes a Tsar a success or a failure (if the matter can be categorized so dictatorially).Disregarding the technicalities of the Judgment, although Alexander Ill may not have assessed all the qualities that would have classed him as a successful Tsar, he was not entirely lacking in them – nor in his policies – therefore meaning that the statement is not entirely correct. Before discussing what made a successful 19th century Russian autocrat, it must be ascertained what ‘successful' entails: in this case, it would be achieving the aims of the autocrat/autocracy.The primary aim of an autocrat in the sass would be to preserve or extend the autocracy and its power both internally and internationally, meaning that there would be few or no concessions of power and that the Tsar would appear as a forceful, formidable figure to both its allies and enemies and in the eyes of citizens of the Russian Empire in both the motherland and its annexes. This was obviously extremely important to Alexander Ill, given his ‘Manifesto of Unshakeable Autocracy in April 1881.Secondary aims may have varied from Tsar to Tsar but for Alexander these were: the rejection of democracy and the reversal of Alexander SIS liberalism, which fitted neatly with the preservation of autocracy; the removal of opposition that had arisen during Alexander SIS reign, including crushing the threat of revolution; and the economic and industrial modernization of Russia, moving it towards becoming a ‘Great Power'.And of course, he would have to possess the support of the majority Russian people, though this was generally a given, as even – if not especially – those who had never seen the Tsar were convinced of his positions as ‘gods anointed' and their ‘Little Father'. Depending on how high a regard the Tsar is held in, it could be suggested that humanitarian aims were present however, for the purposes of this essay, this will not be included, as an overview of Alexander Ills reign suggest that whilst he made some inclusion for his workers and subjects, many freedoms and rights were compromised to further the ‘greater good'.Autocracy generally protects the autocrat from criticism of personal traits, though, if in possession of some or lacking in others, it may make the autocrat's rule easier or harder. To be both a highly autocratic ruler and to be successful, one would have had to appear as both ruthless and honest, likeable yet formidable, as the ‘little f ather' to the peasants whilst also appearing as working to protect the upper class and as incredibly patriotic, though not to the extent that it would disadvantage the country.An well rounded education in militarily, state and economic matters, though not technically a personality trait, would also be beneficial for a Tsar to possess, allowing him to be thoughtful and therefore to curb any headstrong impulsiveness he may have had. In terms of policy, depending on the Tsar's aims, how well they supported of achieved those aims and how well they were received helped his achievement of prosperity in his role as successful and popular policies make for a successful and popular rule.Despite this, it must be noted that although a Tsar had the potential to cake or break the country, advisors often tempered him, especially if those advisors had previously been influential in his life, meaning a Tsar's successfulness could be down to more than Just his personality or the policies he made. In terms of preserving the autocracy, and reversing the steps towards democracy his father had taken, Alexander Ill was arguably very successful, especially in his dealings with revolutionary groups and opposition in the sass and sass.After his fathers assassination by members of the terrorist group the ‘People's Will' – ‘Normandy Volta' – the Tsar ruthlessly cracked down on groups and organizations hat opposed him through the return of rigid censorship, exiles to Siberia and executions, such as the hanging of Alexandra Llanos and four others in 1887.The policy that allowed his authorities more power in pursuing opposition groups was the 1881 Statute of State Security, which gave the state the power to declare an area of the country under ‘extraordinary protection' and to therefore impose what essentially amounted to martial law: the banning of public meetings could be banned, the closing and restriction of schools, the extension of powers of the police especially the Koruna) and the arrest of anybody who was deemed ‘liberal' or in opposition to the regime.Furthermore, whilst the restrictions of censorship were resented by many (especially the revolutionaries, liberals and those calling for social change) it certainly did slow the spread of anti-tsarist ideas that had contributed to the dislike of autocracy and later the assassination of Alexander II. The combination of the restrictions on physically forming opposition groups and the restrictions on the spread of ideologies made it difficult for revolutionaries to even arm groups, let alone for them to actually perform any revolutionary actions.Whilst the methods through which Alexander Ill kept control of Russia were radical, conservative and incredibly harsh, they were no less effective for that and ensured a fairly stable, though oppressive, reign for him making him successful in his preservation of autocracy and the removal of the threat of revolution in his time. Econom ically and industrially, Russia was lagging behind Europe in the late sass.Alexander Ill intended to change that through a protectionist economic policy, imposing customs duties on imported goods to recover Russian's economy and allowing rapid industrial and infrastructural growth – the latter intending to an increase in the number of workers in industrial areas – and was fairly successful in the matter. He was also successfully frugal in accounting in state finances, though Russian's expenditure on debt was still fairly high.With his ministers Bungee, Witted & Yesterdays he achieved his aim of a major boost of progress both economically and industrially, whilst also attempting to improve agricultural production – evidence of this success being the 8% per annum Roth in Russian's economy. Antithetical to the progress made was the social conditions that went along with it. Living conditions in towns and cities were mostly poor and often factory work paid poorly, l eaving poverty, overcrowding and discontent to fester with the workers.In addition to this, though its efficiency improved, agriculture was exploited to the extent that major famines were caused, the largest in 1891 , as emphasis was placed on exporting the agricultural products, rather than letting peasants provide from themselves with them. High taxes were also placed on peasants to fund the instruction of railway lines, such as the Trans-Siberian Railway, and this furthered the poverty experienced by many in both developed and rural areas, though it did allow for improvement in the internal transportation of goods and of people (another successfully achieved aim).There was a definite lack of basic societal care in Alexander Ill, yet he was not entirely negligent in his role of the ‘Little Father' to his subjects: The Peasant Land Bank was set up in 1883, giving cheap loans to allow peasants to buy their own land; redemption payments were lowered, allowing extremely poor pea sants to move emend subsidence farming; and, in towns and cities, factories were legislated with working hours established and an inspectorate employed.In some ways, his work for the ‘greater good' could be considered more characteristic of a successful Tsar than humanitarianism would be as a Tsar's first duty was to God and his country, meaning that improvement of the country should be attempted no matter what the cost to its people (who were supposed to shared his loyalties, given his adopted slogan of ‘Nationality, Orthodoxy, Autocracy.As far as foreign policy goes, Alexander Ills title as the ‘Peacekeeper' Tsar is perhaps s deserved as his fathers title the Tsar ‘Liberator' was; though his policies successfully kept the peace, it was most likely not for pacifistic, humanitarian reasons (as far as we know, or can deduct) but rather to allow for Russia to improve practically. Evidence of this is that, although diplomatically peaceful, the Tsar opposed doctr ines of peace fairly strongly, preferring the view that a nation must be prepared for war in order to avoid it.No major wars occurred during his reign, and given the problems that the Crimean War had left in its wake, this was a definite success on his part. Ensuring a tentative peace with Germany and Austria-Hungary with the Three Emperors' Alliance with the renewal of it in 1881, Alexander Ill successfully gained security for the first few years of his reign.The circumnavigation of collapse of this from 1885-1887 due to conflict in the Balkans potentially avoided any major problems for Russia and instead left them option to pursue Franco-Russian policy to fill the vacuum left by Russian's estrangement from Germany & Austria-Hungary, earning another success for the Tsar in his foreign policy.Of course, the fact collapse of the Three Emperors' Alliance, along with the tensions n the Balkans (though a continuance from previous Tsar's agendas) could be counted as a failing on Alexande r part, but this is largely negated by his other successes, such his cautious avoidance of conflict with any European or Asian powers whilst gradually expanding Russian influence and power.Contrary to the success Alexander had with his foreign policy, a domestic policy that mostly failed and caused much resentment with in the Russian Empire was Rustication – the attempted unification of the Russian Empire under one ruler, one religion, one language and one culture. In abstract, Rustication would supposedly eave united the peoples of the Russian Empire and wiped out the threat of revolution and made Russia a dominant power in Europe, however all it did in reality was anger those whose cultures, religions or languages were being repressed, and spawn resentment towards the Tsar in all corners of his Empire.Obviously it was a policy that failed, given that it had been intended to quell revolutionary action and unify the state when, instead, it caused further divisions between the myriad of ethnicities present in Russia and actually grew revolutionary movements in areas like Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine. For Alexander Ill to be classed as successful the personal qualities needed for a ruler and the policies that may have been needed to achieve his aims would have been a balancing act of epic proportions – something that only somebody who had been raised to be a ruler could manage to do with any degree of success.As the second son of Alexander II, Alexander Ill was not expected to become Tsar and was educated only to the standard of a Grand Duke of the period, the finer points of ruling a country were not taught to him until his brother Nicolas died in 1865. Despite him being described as a gruff, narrow minded and fairly crude (Queen Victoria described him as â€Å"a sovereign she does not look upon as a gentleman†) Alexander Ill was of true Russian character: a deeply religious, moral & honest man with an imposing figure and fiery temperament .These traits would have fitted the profile of a Tsar fairly well in abstract but, in reality, the coarseness of Alexander character prevented them from being viewed as such. Alexander natural conservatism was likely furthered by the assassination of his father by radicals, and by the influence of Photostatted – his reactionary tutor – ND that the dangers that liberalism connoted, given the numerous attempts on his fathers life, and later on his own.However, conservatism obviously was not a bad trait to possess in the late 19th century, as the previous Tsar's liberalism had granted freedoms to those who would wish to end autocracy and in return had been granted a caved in skull. Gruffness of nature was characteristic of Alexander and, whilst it may have looked upon degradingly by the other nobles of Europe, it gained him a certain kind of respect from his people as he gave not only an impression of solidity and strength, UT also one of rough-cut solidarity with his peo ple.For an long period of time, the Romano Tsars had been untouchable, not only as divine, but also in the distinctions of class between them and their subjects, therefore having a Tsar who was relatable, but not ‘soft', as Alexander II may have been thought of as, was highly desirable. As far as being liked or admired as a person, Alexander was well liked by sloppiness and many of the Russian peasants who felt a ruler who was suspicious of the west, highly patriotic and characteristic of the ideal Russian man was one they could purport, and consequently, one who would be successful.On a slightly humorous note, an example of a quality that may have proved endearing to the typical Russian worker was his love of drinking. Even after he was diagnosed with kidney problems and forbidden alcohol by his wife, Alexander continued to drink, using hidden compartments in his boots to store flasks of alcohol that, when his wife left the room, he Jokingly pulled out and swigged from. Alter nately, the lack of education and culture Alexander Ill displayed made him seem rather brutish; two traits that did not sit well with the ‘cultured' gentry who had ivied through the reign of his more cultivated father.Furthermore it seemed to go against autocratic, ruling-class propriety to have a crude, UN-gentlemanly, bear of a man ruling a country that – though tumultuous and uneven in its wealth – produced some of the finest architecture, art, music and literature in the 19th century. The late 19th century was a time when Russia was teetering on the brink of revolution, modernization and industrialization, and in keeping the revolution down whilst advancing the country fiscally was something that Alexander Ill did admirably ell, despite his flaws and failed policies.Though he may not have been a Tsar for the people, nor the ‘Liberator' his father was he, ensured the security of Russian autocracy for his reign (mostly through repression, at the expense o f liberties) therefore making him a successful Tsar overall, contrary to what the statement suggests. Additionally, though conservatism is often painted as a backwards, oppressive political view to hold, it can be argued that for Alexander Ill preserve his rule and economically/industrially bring Russia up to speed – ruling with an iron fist